Making Sense of TikTok: A User-Centric Exploration of Digital Culture, Everyday Use, and Algorithmic Experiences

TikTok, Audience studies, Youth, Denmark, Digital Culture, Social Media, Reception research

This PhD dissertation explores TikTok from a user-centric perspective by examining how young Danes (aged 15–29) use, experience, and make sense of the platform as part of their everyday media practices. Situated within the tradition of media reception research, the dissertation approaches TikTok primarily as a lived media environment shaped through users’ engagement, interpretations, and experiences. The overarching research question guiding the project is: How is TikTok embedded in young Danes’ everyday lives, and how do they make sense of the platform as part of their media practices? The dissertation addresses this question through three analytical dimensions: (1) the content and digital culture encountered by young Danes on TikTok, (2) young Danes’ everyday practices and motivations for using the platform, and (3) young Danes’ experiences and perceptions of TikTok as a media platform. By integrating these dimensions, the project provides a comprehensive and nuanced account of TikTok as an influential part of contemporary digital media culture.

The dissertation is based on a research design combining mobile data donation and in-depth interviews. Through mobile data donation, 24 young Danish TikTok users donated parts of their TikTok Data Download Packages, enabling the analysis of 1,200 videos they have encountered on the platform. Additionally, in-depth interviews with 24 young Danes explore how users integrate TikTok into daily routines, how they experience and understand the platform and its recommendation algorithm, and how they reflect on their relationship with TikTok.

The dissertation consists of four research articles. The first article contributes methodologically by exploring the potential of mobile data donation for qualitative and small-scale digital media research. It conceptualizes data donation as a collaborative and ethically grounded research practice and demonstrates how digital trace data can be meaningfully integrated into qualitative inquiry. The second article examines TikTok video content in a Danish context by mapping genres and identifying recurring characteristics across the 1,200 sampled videos. Drawing on the concept of templatability, the article introduces the notion of TikTok-ness to describe defining features of the platform’s digital culture, including mundanity, humor, audio-centricity, and the pervasive use of platform features. The third article focuses on users’ everyday experiences of TikTok. Through interview analysis, it shows that TikTok is deeply embedded in daily routines and experienced as a highly immersive, hybrid media platform. Central to this their experience of algorithmic flow, in which users adopt a largely receptive and passive mode of engagement, trusting the algorithm to curate content aligned with their preferences. Additionally, their experiences reflect hybrid forms of agency, where human actions and algorithmic processes interact and mutually shape one another. The fourth article examines the ambivalence that characterizes users’ experiences and perceptions of TikTok. Drawing on concepts of group-level and within-person duality, the analysis demonstrates how TikTok is simultaneously experienced as relaxing and stressful, enriching and addictive, familiar and unsettling. In doing so, it highlights how interactions with TikTok are characterized by ongoing, coexisting tensions and profound ambivalence.

The dissertation contributes empirically, theoretically, and methodologically to the fields of TikTok research, digital media studies, and audience studies. By combining mobile data donation with qualitative interviews, the project offers a comprehensive and multi-layered exploration of TikTok as an influential media platform in the contemporary media landscape. Through its rich empirical foundation, it provides insights into how young users use, experience, perceive, and ultimately make sense of TikTok as part of their everyday lives. Empirically, the dissertation offers one of the first analyses of concrete video content encountered by TikTok users and conceptualizes defining characteristics of the platform’s digital culture through the notion of TikTok-ness. Theoretically, it extends media reception research to algorithmically curated platforms by examining everyday use, algorithmic flow, and user agency. Analytically and conceptually, it illuminates duality in user experiences of TikTok, foregrounding ambivalence as a fundamental condition of contemporary platform use. Methodologically, the project demonstrates the qualitative potential of mobile data donation as an ethically grounded and collaborative approach to studying digital media from the users’ perspectives.

Taken together, the dissertation offers a nuanced understanding of TikTok as a cultural, technological, and lived phenomenon, emphasizing how young users actively make sense of the platform within the conditions of contemporary digital media life.

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