What could have been? Exploring incarcerated women’s experiences and speculative visions for prevention in Denmark

Incarcerated women, Speculative methods, Penal welfare system

This research stems from an interest in learning from currently incarcerated women in the pursuit of a society with less social harm. It deliberately forgoes concepts such as ‘crime’ and ‘criminals’ to open space for centering people’s experiences of harm. The study reintroduces abolitionist perspectives and brings zemiology and transformative justice into Nordic academia as pointful theoretical companions for understanding the harm prevention paradigm embedded in the Danish penal welfare system. Drawing on existing literature, I conceptualize the penal welfare system and its animating impulses that orient its practices across institutions. This study offers new empirical insights based on engagement with primarily incarcerated women and secondarily with staff in Jyderup Prison. Exploring collaborative methods, this study turned to writing workshops, where the women authored creative pieces on their lives and the penal welfare system. Nineteen interviews with incarcerated women explored both lived and speculative pasts of their encounters with institutions across sectors, while interviews with eight prison staff provided insight into their understanding of the women’s challenges and their views on the penal welfare system’s capacity to address them. Rather than contrasting these perspectives, I engage them collaboratively, highlighting how both groups identify parallel problems in the workings of the penal welfare system.

Through what I term hybrid storytelling, this research presents four reconfigurations of life stories intertwined with their encounters with the penal welfare system. These collectivized narratives counter individualizing tendencies in discussions of crime and offer novel insights into incarcerated women’s lives and institutional engagements prior to sentencing. This approach arises from the research strategies employed in the study: 1) decentering the individual, 2) replacing carceral concepts as analytical categories, and 3) engaging in speculation and counter-spells. The third strategy, in particular, guided an analysis of the women’s “what ifs”-speculations on how public harm prevention efforts might function differently. Through an analyzes of their longings towards alternative approaches, I highlight the qualities and practices they hoped to find in public institutions. Drawing on these findings, the research culminates in a speculative reflection on what I call a transformative harm prevention paradigm. Building on the theoretical framework and empirical analysis, this paradigm emphasizes infrastructures that nurture relational autonomy, foster accountability, and sustain interdependence. What began as an inquiry into incarcerated women’s encounters with the penal welfare system thus expands into a broader reflection on institutional design and governance.

Ultimately, the research offers an empirically grounded rearticulation of how to orient ourselves toward the pursuit of a society with less social harm.

Abolition Collective (Ed.). (2020). Making abolitionist Worlds - Proposals for a World on Fire. Common Notions.

Abrahamson, P. (2009). The active turn in Danish welfare policy: Employment and Social Protection in Denmark. SER Social, 11(25), 244-273. https://doi.org/10.26512/ser_social.v11i25.12729

Acharya, M. (2024). Archiving Alterity: queer and racialised knowledge creation against, with/in & beyond the university [Doctoral dissertation, Aarhus University]. https://doi.org/10.7146/aul.536

Agathangelou, A. M., Bassichis, M. D., & Spira, T. L. (2008). Intimate Investments: Homonormativity, Global Lockdown, and the Seductions of Empire. Radical History Review(100). https://doi.org/10.1215/01636545-2007-025

Agboola, C., Appiah, E. K., & Linonge-Fontebo, H. N. (2022). Women's pathways into crime and incarceration: Insights from South Africa. Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2044123

Agozino, B. (2010). What is criminology? A control-freak discipline! African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies, 4(1), 1.

Aguirre, M. V. (2024). Punitive Turn or Punitive Imperialism? Analyzing the Transformation in the Ecuadorian Penal Realm. In Punishment in Latin America: Explorations from the Margins (pp. 39-57). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83797-328-620241003

Ahle, G. (2019). Er der en sammenhæng mellem behandling/støtte af psykisk syge og kriminalitet? - En analyse med henblik på forebyggende tiltag [Is there a connection between the treatment/support of people with mental illness and crime? - An analysis with a view to preventive measures]. https://www.regioner.dk/media/12261/rapporten-sammenhaeng-mellem-behandling-stoette-og-kriminalitet-30-01-2019.pdf

Ahlmark, N. G., Biering, I. E., & Tjørnhøj-Thomsen, T. (2021). Udsatte kvindeliv og forandring gennem kroppen - Unge kvinders fortællinger om opvækst, kriminalitet, kæresterelationer og Breathe SMART rehabiliteringsforløb [Exposed women's lives and change through the body - Young women's stories about growing up, crime, dating relationships and the Breathe SMART rehabilitation program].

Ahmed, S. (2004). Affective economies. Social text, 22(2), 117-139. https://doi.org/10.1215/01642472-22-2_79-117

Albertslund Municipality. (2023). Relationsdannende og Genoprettende Praksis (RGP) i Albertslund [Relational and Restorative Practice (RGP) in Albertslund]. Den Kriminalpræventive Enhed [The Crime Prevention Unit]

Aliverti, A., Carvalho, H., Chamberlen, A., & Sozzo, M. (2021). Decolonizing the criminal question. Punishment & Society, 23(3), 297-316. https://doi.org/10.1177/14624745211020585

Andersen, D. (2020). Stuck! Welfare state dependency as lived experience. European Societies, 22(3), 317-336. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2019.1616796

Andersen, D., & Bengtsson, T. T. (2019). Timely care: Rhythms of bureaucracy and everyday life in cases involving youths with complex needs. Time & Society, 28(4), 1509-1531. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X18783371

Andersen, D. R. (2018). Fængselsbetjentes håndtering af følelsesmæssige krav og belastninger i arbejdet [Prison officers' handling of emotional demands and stresses at work] [Doctoral dissertation, Aalborg University]. https://vbn.aau.dk/files/549504662/PHD_Dorte_Raaby_Andersen_E_pdf.pdf

Andersen, J. H., Tjørnhøj‐Thomsen, T., Reventlow, S., & Davidsen, A. S. (2020). Being heard and remembered: Young adults' experiences of recognition in the social and health care systems in Denmark. Ethos, 48(4), 459-476. https://doi.org/10.1111/etho.12291

Andersen, N. A., & Larsen, F. (2024). Activation policy: bruised and battered but still standing. Policy and Society, 43(2), 127-140. https://doi.org/10.1093/polsoc/puae013

Anderson, J., & Honneth, A. (2005). Autonomy, Vulnerability, Recognition, and Justice. In J. A. Christman, J (Ed.), Autonomy and the Challenges to Liberalism: New Essays (pp. 127-149). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511610325.008

Ansell, C., Sørensen, E., & Torfing, J. (2025). Theorizing the political dimension of collaborative governance. Perspectives on Public Management and Governance, gvaf007. https://doi.org/10.1093/ppmgov/gvaf007

Ansfield, B., Herzing, R., & Spade, D. (2023). Abolition infrastructures: A conversation on transformative justice with Rachel Herzing and Dean Spade. Radical History Review, 2023(147), 187-203. https://doi.org/10.1215/01636545-10637246

Anter, A. (2019). The modern state and its monopoly on violence. In E. Hanke, L. Scaff, & S. Whimster (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Max Weber (pp. 226-236). https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190679545.013.13

Arendt, H. (2017/1958). The origins of totalitarianism. Penguin Books.

Arendt, H. (2022/1963). Eichmann in Jerusalem - A Report on the Banality of Evil. Penguin Books.

Arnfred, C. E., & Justesen, M. (2024, 30.06.2024). Afsløring: Ejer af privat bosted udbetalte millioner til sig selv. Ekspert betegner sagen som en af de mest grelle, han nogensinde har set [Revealed: Owner of private care facility paid out millions to themselves. Expert describes the case as one of the most severe he has ever seen]. Politiken. https://politiken.dk/danmark/art9952481/Ejer-af-privat-bosted-udbetalte-millioner-til-sig-selv.-Ekspert-betegner-sagen-som-en-af-de-mest-grelle-han-nogensinde-har-set

Bacchi, C. (2009). Analysing policy: What's the Problem Represented to Be? Pearson Education Australia.

Ball, M. (2016). Criminology and Queer Theory: Dangerous Bedfellows? Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-45328-0

Balvig, F. (2005). When law and order returned to Denmark. Journal of Scandinavian studies in criminology and crime prevention, 5(2), 167-187. https://doi.org/10.1080/14043850410010711

Barker, V. (2013). Nordic exceptionalism revisited: Explaining the paradox of a Janus-faced penal regime. Theoretical Criminology, 17(1), 5-25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480612468935

Barker, V. (2017). Nordic nationalism and penal order: Walling the welfare state. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315269795

Barone, T., & Eisner, E. W. (2011). What is and what is not arts based research? In Arts based research (pp. 1-12). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452230627.n1

Barrie, H. (2020). No one is disposable: Towards feminist models of transformative justice. JL & Soc. Pol'y, 33, 65. https://doi.org/10.60082/0829-3929.1398

Basto-Pereira, M., Gouveia-Pereira, M., Pereira, C. R., Barrett, E. L., Lawler, S., Newton, N., Stapinski, L., Prior, K., Costa, M. S. A., & Ximenes, J. M. (2022). The global impact of adverse childhood experiences on criminal behavior: A cross-continental study. Child abuse & neglect, 124, 105459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105459

Bedau, H. A. (1978). Retribution and the Theory of Punishment. In: JSTOR. https://doi.org/10.5840/jphil197875114

Ben-Moshe, L. (2013). The tension between abolition and reform. In M. E. Nagel & A. J. Nocella II (Eds.), The End of Prisons: Reflections from the Decarceration Movement (pp. 83-92). Brill | Rodopi. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789401209236_008

Ben-Moshe, L. (2018). Dis-epistemologies of abolition. Critical Criminology, 26(3), 341-355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-018-9403-1

Bendixen, M. C. (2025, 20.10.25). Stemplet som "kriminel udlænding" - hvor går grænsen? [Labeled as a "criminal alien" - where is the line?]. https://refugeeswelcome.dk/da/information/fokus/stemplet-som-kriminel-udlaending-hvor-gaar-graensen/

Bengtsson, T. T. (2015). Controlling young people through treatment and punishment. In The Danish Welfare State: A Sociological Investigation (pp. 171-184). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137527318_11

Bengtsson, T. T., Frederiksen, M., & Larsen, J. E. (2015). Is risk transforming the Danish welfare state? In J. E. Larsen, M. Frederiksen, & T. T. Bengtsson (Eds.), The Danish welfare state: A sociological investigation (pp. 3-21). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137527318_1

Bengtsson, T. T., Henriksen, T. D., & Hermansen, R. K. (2025). Anbragt og anklaget - konsekvenser for børn, som politianmeldes for vold af deres anbringelsessted [Placed and Accused - Consequences for Children Reported to the Police for Violence by Their Residential Care Facility]. Dansk pædagogisk Tidsskrift 6-22.

Benjamin, R. (2016). Racial fictions, biological facts: Expanding the sociological imagination through speculative methods. Catalyst: Feminism, Theory, Technoscience. https://doi.org/10.28968/cftt.v2i2.28798

Benjaminsen, L., Birkelund, J. F., Enemark, M. H., & Andrade, S. B. (2018). Socialt udsatte borgeres brug af velfærdsystemet - Samfundsøkonomiske aspekter [Socially Marginalised Citizens' Use of the Welfare System - Socioeconomic Aspects]. https://www.vive.dk/media/pure/qz51o1v8/1717876

Berlant, L. (2011). Cruel optimism. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822394716

Berlant, L. (2014). Introduction: Compassion (and withholding). In L. Berlant (Ed.), Compassion: The Culture and Politics of an Emotion (pp. 1-13). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203871096

Bernstein, E. (2010). Militarized humanitarianism meets carceral feminism: The politics of sex, rights, and freedom in contemporary antitrafficking campaigns. Signs: Journal of women in culture and society, 36(1), 45-71. https://doi.org/10.1086/652918

Better Psychiatry [Bedre psykiatri]. (2020a). Bedre hjælp til mennesker med psykisk sygdom og misbrug [Better help for people with mental illness and addiction]. https://bedrepsykiatri.dk/udspilsvar/2020-bedre-hjaelp-til-mennesker-med-psykisk-sygdom-og-misbrug-2/

Better Psychiatry [Bedre psykiatri]. (2020b). Kom tilbage, når du er stoffri [Come back when you're sober]. https://bedrepsykiatri.dk/kom-tilbage-naar-du-er-stoffri/

Biehl, J., Good, B., & Kleinman, A. (2007). Introduction: rethinking subjectivity. In Subjectivity: ethnographic investigations (pp. 1-23). University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520247925.003.0001

Bierie, D. M. (2012). The impact of prison conditions on staff well-being. International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 56(1), 81-95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X10388383

Binfield-Smith, R. (2022). The spectacle of criminal justice: mass media and the criminal trial. Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/9781839828225

Birk Haller, M., Kolind, T., Hunt, G., & Søgaard, T. F. (2020). Experiencing police violence and insults: Narratives from ethnic minority men in Denmark. Nordic Journal of Criminology, 21(2), 170-185. https://doi.org/10.1080/2578983X.2020.1839712

Bjerre, C., & Brinkgaard, L. C. (2025). Welfare becomes punishment: Penal nationalism in danish social policy. The British journal of criminology, 65(1), 110-125. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azae029

Bladt, M., & Christensen, R. (2021). Marginaliserede unge og transformativ deltagelse [Marginalized youth and transformative participation]. In Børn som deltagere i professionel praksis: Åbninger, muligheder og rettigheder [Children as participants in professional practice: Openings, opportunities and rights] (pp. 187-203). Hans Reitzels Forlag.

Blankholm, L. N., Lautrup, A., de Neergaard, K. S. P., & Salling, C. A. (2024). Aggregating like a state: discriminatory data practices of legislated ghettoization in Denmark. Digitalization in Practice: Intersections, Implications and Interventions, 14, 163. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110787641-010

Blom-Hansen, J., Munk Christiansen, P., Pallesen, T., & Serritzlew, S. (2024). Offentlig forvaltning: et politologisk perspektiv [Public Administration: A Political Science Perspective] (3. udgave. ed.). Hans Reitzel.

Borbón, D. (2022). Neurosociology and penal neuroabolitionism: rethinking justice with neuroscience. Frontiers in Sociology, 7, 814338. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2022.814338

Borbón, D. (2024). Free will, quarantines, and moral enhancements: Neuroabolitionism as an alternative to criminal law. Frontiers in Sociology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2024.1395986

Bosworth, M., Campbell, D., Demby, B., Ferranti, S. M., & Santos, M. (2005). Doing prison research: Views from inside. Qualitative Inquiry, 11(2), 249-264. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800404273410

Bourdieu, P. (1994). Rethinking the state: Genesis and structure of the bureaucratic field. Sociological theory, 12, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.2307/202032

Braga, T., Goncalves, L. C., Basto-Pereira, M., & Maia, A. (2017). Unraveling the link between maltreatment and juvenile antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis of prospective longitudinal studies. Aggression and violent behavior, 33, 37-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.01.006

Braithwaite, J. (1979). Inequality, crime, and public policy. Routledge and Kegan Paul London.

Brantingham, P. J., & Faust, F. L. (1976). A conceptual model of crime prevention. Crime & Delinquency, 22(3), 284-296. https://doi.org/10.1177/001112877602200302

Bregnbæk, S. (2022). States of intimacy: Refugee parents, anxiety, and the spectral state in Denmark. Genealogy, 6(2), 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy6020056

Brinkgaard, L. (2023). En ungdom uden kriminalitet: Straf, velfærd og neoliberalisme i Danmark, 1990-2010 [A youth without crime: Punishment, welfare, and neoliberalism in Denmark, 1990-2010]. Temp - tidsskrift for historie, 13(25), 114-136.

Brodersen, M. (2009). Fra" professioner" til" felt for velfærdsarbejde" [From "professions" to "field of welfare work"]. Tidsskrift for arbejdsliv, 11(3), 32-48. https://doi.org/10.7146/tfa.v11i3.108820

Brogaard, L., & Helby Petersen, O. (2022). Privatization of public services: A systematic review of quality differences between public and private daycare providers. International Journal of Public Administration, 45(10), 794-806. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2021.1909619

brown, a. m. (2017). Emergent strategy: Shaping change, changing worlds. AK Press.

brown, a. m., & Mingus, M. (2023, 01-12-2023). Tending Our Soil with Mia Mingus In The Emergent Strategy Podcast.

Bryderup, I. (2010). Ungdomskriminalitet, socialpolitik og socialpædagogik: biografiske interview med unge om straf og behandling [Juvenile delinquency, social policy and social pedagogy: biographical interviews with young people about punishment and treatment]. Klim.

Brønsted, L. B. (2019). Til statens forsvar. Om SSP-medarbejderes kriminalitetsforebyggende og socialt disponerende arbejde [In defense of the state. On crime prevention and social adjustment work of SSP employees] [Doctoral dissertation, Copenhagen University]. https://curis.ku.dk/portal/files/231597206/Ph.d._afhandling_2019_Br_nsted.pdf https://doi.org/10.7146/tfp.v16i31.122778

Buist, C. L., & Semprevivo, L. K. (2022). Queering criminology in theory and praxis: reimagining justice in the criminal legal system and beyond. Bristol University Press. https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529210699.001.0001

Burk, C. (2011). Think, rethink - Accountable communities. In.

Butler, J. (1992). Contingent Foundations: Feminism and the Question of "Postmodernism". Feminism and Methodology: Social Science Issues, 47.

Butler, J. (2004). Precarious life: the powers of mourning and violence. Verso.

Butler, J. (2005). Giving an account of oneself. Fordham University Press. https://doi.org/10.5422/fso/9780823225033.001.0001

Butler, J. (2009). Frames of war: when is life grievable? New York.

Butler, J. (2012). Precarious life, vulnerability, and the ethics of cohabitation. The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 26(2), 134-151. https://doi.org/10.5325/jspecphil.26.2.0134

Butler, J. (2020). The force of nonviolence: an ethico-political bind (Paperback edition ed.). Verso.

Bømler, T. (2015). Det sociale arbejdes organisering [The organization of social work]. Hans Reitzels Forlag.

Canning, V., & Tombs, S. (2021a). From social harm to zemiology: A critical introduction. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429430497

Canning, V., & Tombs, S. (2021b). Zemiology and the future: An interview with Victoria Canning and Steve Tombs. Journal of Contemporary Crime, Harm, and Ethics, 1(1), 116-126. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429430497-1

Capital Region Psychiatry [Region Hovedstadens Psykiatri]. (2021). Dømt til psykiatrisk behandling - Information om psykiatriske særforanstaltninger og retspsykiatriske behandlingsforløb - en kort introduktion [Sentenced to psychiatric treatment - Information about special psychiatric measures and forensic psychiatric treatment courses - a brief introduction]. Retrieved from https://www.psykiatri-regionh.dk/centre-og-social-tilbud/kompetencecentre/kfr/nyheder/_layouts/15/DocIdRedir.aspx?ID=HREGHPSYK-819682533-8

Carrier, N., & Piché, J. (2015). The state of abolitionism. Champ pénal/Penal field, 12. https://doi.org/10.4000/champpenal.9164

Carstens, A. (2002). "Motivation" i visitationssamtaler på aktiveringsområdet ["Motivation" in visitation interviews in the activation field]. In M. Järvinen & J. E. M. Larsen, Niels (Eds.), Det magtfulde møde mellem system og klient [The powerful meeting between system and client]. Aarhus Universitetsforlag.

Caruso, G. D. (2021). Rejecting retributivism: free will, punishment, and criminal justice. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108689304

Carvalho, H., & Chamberlen, A. (2018). Why punishment pleases: Punitive feelings in a world of hostile solidarity. Punishment & Society, 20(2), 217-234. https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474517699814

Case, S. (2006). Young people 'at risk'of what? Challenging risk-focused early intervention as crime prevention. Youth Justice, 6(3), 171-179. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225406069491

Cavarero, A. (2011/2007). Horrorism: Naming contemporary violence [org. published in Italian]. Columbia University Press.

Central Denmark Region [Region Midtjylland]. (n.n.). Hvad er en dobbeltdiagnose? [What is a doubble diagnosis?]. Central Denmark Region [Region Midtjylland] Retrieved from https://www.psykiatrien.rm.dk/undersogelse-og-behandling/patientvejledninger/andre/hvad-er-en-dobbeltdiagnose/

Chartrand, V., & Rougier, N. (2021). Carceral other and severing of people, place and land: Redefining the politics of abolition through an anti-colonial framework. In M. J. Coyle & M. Nagel (Eds.), Contesting Carceral Logic - Towards Abolitionist Futures (pp. 22-35). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003161813-6

Chen, C.-I., Dulani, J., & Piepzna-Samarasinha, L. L. (Eds.). (2016). The Revolution Starts at Home: Confronting Intimate Violence Within Activist Communities. AK Press.

Chesney-Lind, M., & Pasko, L. (2012/1997). The female offender: Girls, women, and crime (2 ed.). Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483387567

Christensen, T. W. (2019). Former Right-Wing Extremists' Continued Struggle for Self-transformation After an Exit Program. Outlines, 20(1), 4-25. https://doi.org/10.7146/ocps.v20i1.114709

Christensen, T. W. (2024). The Becoming of a Violent Left-Wing Extremist. Violent Extremism: A Nordic Outlook, 165. https://doi.org/10.5040/9798216429845.ch-9

Christensen, T. W., Lindekilde, L., Sivenbring, J., Bjørgo, T., Magnæs Gjelsvik, I., Solhjell, R., Haugstvedt, H., Malmros, R. A., Kangasniem, M., & Kallio, H. (2024). "Being a Risk" or "Being at Risk": Factors Shaping Negotiation of Concerns of Radicalization within Multiagency Collaboration in the Nordic Countries. Democracy and Security, 20(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2023.2220117

Christie, N. (1977). Conflicts as Property. Brit. J. Criminology, 17, 1. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a046783

Christie, N. (1986). The ideal victim. In From crime policy to victim policy: Reorienting the justice system (pp. 17-30). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08305-3_2

Christoffersen, M., Olsen, P., Vammen, K., Nielsen, S., Lausten, M., & Braunen, J. (2011). Tidlig identifikation af kriminalitetstruede børn og unge [Early identification of children and young people at risk of crime]. https://www.vive.dk/da/udgivelser/tidlig-identifikation-af-kriminalitetstruede-boern-og-unge-bxqqe6xk/

Clark, M. C., & Sharf, B. F. (2007). The dark side of truth (s) ethical dilemmas in researching the personal. Qualitative Inquiry, 13(3), 399-416. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800406297662

Coker, D. (2002). Transformative justice: Anti-subordination processes in cases of domestic violence. In H. Strang & J. Braithwaite (Eds.), Restorative justice and family violence. Cambridge University Press.

Cooper, D. (2019). Introduction. In D. Cooper, N. Dhawan, & J. Newman (Eds.), Reimagining the State - Theoretical Challenges and Transformative Possibilitie (pp. 1-15). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351209113-1

Cooper, D. (2023). Afterword. In L. Monticelli (Ed.), Alternatives to capitalism in the 21st century. Bristol University Press.

Copenhagen Municipality. (n.n.-a). Spørgsmål og svar om at blive plejefamilie [Questions and answers about becoming a foster family]. Familieplejen København [Family care Copenhagen] Retrieved from https://familieplejen.kk.dk/bliv-plejefamilie/spoergsmaal-og-svar-om-at-blive-plejefamilie

Copenhagen Municipality. (n.n.-b). Spørgsmål og svar om at blive støttefamilie [Questions and answers about becoming a foster family]. Familieplejen København [Family care Copenhagen] Retrieved from https://familieplejen.kk.dk/bliv-plejefamilie/spoergsmaal-og-svar-om-at-blive-stoettefamilie

Coyle, M. J., & Nagel, M. (2021). Introduction: Penal abolitionism as a challenge to carceral logic. In M. J. Coyle & M. Nagel (Eds.), Contesting Carceral Logic (pp. 1-13). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003161813-1

Coyle, M. J., & Scott, D. (2021). Introduction: the six hues of penal abolitionism. In The Routledge International Handbook of Penal Abolition (pp. 1-12). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429425035-1

Creative Interventions. (2021). Creative interventions toolkit: A practical guide to stop interpersonal violence (1849354642). https://www.creative-interventions.org/toolkit/

Crewe, B., Ievins, A., Larmour, S., Laursen, J., Mjåland, K., & Schliehe, A. (2023). Nordic penal exceptionalism: A comparative, empirical analysis. The British journal of criminology, 63(2), 424-443. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azac013

Crockett Thomas, P. (Ed.). (2022). Abolition Science Fiction. Selfpublished. https://abolitionscifi.org/project-resources/.

Cullen, F. T. (2013). Rehabilitation: Beyond nothing works. Crime and justice, 42(1), 299-376. https://doi.org/10.1086/670395

Cunliffe, A. L., & Alcadipani, R. (2016). The politics of access in fieldwork: Immersion, backstage dramas, and deception. Organizational research methods, 19(4), 535-561. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428116639134

Cunneen, C., & Tauri, J. (2016). Indigenous criminology. Policy Press. https://doi.org/10.46692/9781447321781

Dagan, N., & Dancig-Rosenberg, H. (2020). Character retribution as a brake on risk-driven criminal justice. In Criminal justice, risk and the revolt against uncertainty (pp. 69-89). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37948-3_4

Dahl, H. V., & Pedersen, M. U. (2006). Kvinder i motivations- og stofmisbrugsbehandling i Vestre Fængsel og Horserød Statsfængsel [Women in motivational and substance abuse treatment in Vestre Prison and Horserød State Prison]. Center for Rusmiddelforskning, Aarhus Universitet.

Daly, K. (1992). Women's pathways to felony court: Feminist theories of lawbreaking and problems of representation. S. Cal. Rev. L. & Women's Stud., 2, 11.

Daly, K., & Chesney-Lind, M. (1988). Feminism and criminology. Justice Quarterly, 5(4), 497-538. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418828800089871

Damsa, D. (2023a). Punished and banished: Non‐citizen women's experiences in a Danish prison. The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice. https://doi.org/10.1111/hojo.12544

Damsa, D. (2023b). 'This is not what I signed up for'-Danish prison officers' attitudes towards more punitive penal policies. Punishment & Society, 25(2), 430-448. https://doi.org/10.1177/14624745211068870

Damsa, D. (2024). Punished and banished: Non‐citizen women's experiences in a Danish prison. The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice, 63(1), 43-61. https://doi.org/10.1111/hojo.12544

Damsa, D., & Ugelvik, T. (2017). A difference that makes a difference? Reflexivity and researcher effects in an all-foreign prison. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917713132

Danish Agency for Labour Market and Recruitment [Styrelsen for Arbejdsmarked og Rekruttering]. (2025). Ansvar for beskæftigelsesindsatsen [Responsibility for occupation efforts]. Retrieved from https://star.dk/om-styrelsen/ansvar-for-beskaeftigelsesindsatsen#:~:text=Jobcentrene%20l%C3%B8ser%20kerneopgaverne%20i%20besk%C3%A6ftigelsesindsatsen,arbejdskraft%2C%20de%20har%20brug%20for.

Danish Appeals Board. (2020). Indsatsen på åbne døgninstitutioner og opholdssteder - for børn og unge der er kriminalitetstruede eller har begået kriminalitet [The intervention at open residential institutions and care facilities - for children and young people who are at risk of committing crime or have already committed criminal offences]. https://ast.dk/publikationer/indsatsen-pa-abne-anbringelsessteder-for-born-og-unge-der-er-kriminalitetstruede-eller-har-begaet-kriminalitet

Danish Crime Prevention Council [Det Kriminalpræventive Råd]. (2009). Forebyggelse af kriminalitet - fire grundbegreber [Crime prevention - four basic concepts]. In. Det Kriminalpræventive Råd.

Danish Crime Prevention Council [Det Kriminalpræventive Råd]. (2023). DKR 1971 - 2021. Retrieved 19-06-2023 from https://dkr.dk/om-os/dkr-1971-2021

Danish Crime Prevention Council [Det Kriminalpræventive råd]. (2024). Forretningsorden [Rules of Procedure]. Retrieved from https://dkr.dk/om-os/dkrs-mission-og-maal/forretningsorden

Danish Financial Supervisory Authority [Finanstilsynet]. (2022, 2022-04-06). EU-borgere har ret til en betalingskonto, uanset hvor de bor [EU citizens have the right to a payment account, regardless of where they live] https://www.finanstilsynet.dk/Nyheder-og-Presse/Pressemeddelelser/2022/Basal_betalingskonto

Danish Government. (2017). Aftale om kriminalforsorgens økonomi 2018-2021 [Agreement on the Budget of the Danish Prison and Probation Service 2018-2021]. Ministry of Justice

Danish Government. (2025a). Aftale om kriminalforsorgens økonomi 2026-2030 [Agreement on the Budget of the Danish Prison and Probation Service 2026-2030]. Ministry of Justice

Danish Government. (2025b). Straf og forebyggelse i et trygt samfund - Hårdere straffe, mere retfærdighed, bedre forebyggelse [Punishment and prevention in a safe society - Tougher punishments, more justice, better prevention]. Minstry of Justice Retrieved from https://www.justitsministeriet.dk/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Straf-og-forebyggelse-i-et-trygt-samfund.pdf

Danish Ministry of Children and Education. (2024a). Bekendtgørelse om fremme af god orden i folkeskolen [Executive Order on the Promotion of Good Order in Primary and Lower Secondary Schools]. Danish Ministry of Children and Education,.

Danish Ministry of Children and Education. (2024b). Klubtilbud [Club offer]. Retrieved from https://www.uvm.dk/sfo-klub-og-fritidshjem/klubtilbud

Danish Ministry of Children and Education. (2024c). Nu skærpes reglerne for at sikre ro og orden i folkeskolen [Rules are now being tightened to ensure peace and order in primary schools]. Retrieved from https://www.uvm.dk/aktuelt/nyheder/uvm/2024/sep/240927-nu-skaerpes-reglerne-for-at-sikre-ro-og-orden-i-folkeskolen

Danish Ministry of Justice. (2022). Bekendtgørelse om satser for vederlag m.v. til indsatte i kriminalforsorgens institutioner (2023) [Order on Rates of Remuneration, etc., for Inmates in the Institutions of the Danish Prison and Probation Service (2023)]. https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2022/1490/pdf

Danish Regions [Danske Regioner]. (N.N-a). Psykiatri og social [Psychiatry and social]. https://www.regioner.dk/sundhed/psykiatri-og-social/

Danish Regions [Danske Regioner]. (N.N-b). Sikrede institutioner [Secured institutions]. Danske Regioner Retrieved from https://www.regioner.dk/sundhed/psykiatri-og-social/sikrede-institutioner/

Danish Social and Housing Authority [Social- og Boligstyrelsen]. (n.n.). Familiehuse skal give kommende forældre og småbørnsfamilier bedre og tidligere støtte [Family houses must provide future parents and families with young children with better and earlier support]. Retrieved from https://www.sbst.dk/boern/forebyggelse-og-tidlig-indsats/maalgrupper/saarbare-smaaboernsforaeldre/familiehus

Davis, A. Y. (2011). Abolition democracy: Beyond empire, prisons, and torture. Seven Stories Press.

Davis, A. Y. (2011/2003). Are prisons obsolete? Seven stories press.

Davis, A. Y., Dent, G., Meiners, E. R., & Richie, B. E. (2022). Abolition. Feminism. Now (Vol. 2). Haymarket Books.

De Genova, N. (2002). Migrant "illegality" and deportability in everyday life. Annual review of anthropology, 31(1), 419-447. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.040402.085432

De Genova, N., & Peutz, N. (Eds.). (2010). The Deportation Regime. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv120qtc1

de Jong, J. D., & Denkers, A. (2020). Anger with love: How professionals get through to high-risk youth in troublesome groups. In Gangs in the era of internet and social media (pp. 175-197). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47214-6_9

De la Cadena, M. (2019). An invitation to live together: making the "complex we". Environmental Humanities, 11(2), 477-484. https://doi.org/10.1215/22011919-7754589

Denmarks Statistics. (2023). Anmeldte forbrydelser og sigtelser - (STRAF20) [Reported crimes and charges - (STRAF20)]. In: Denmarks Statistics.

Denson, T. F. (2021). Breaking the cycle of violent crime and punishment: The promise of neuronormalization. Social Issues and Policy Review, 15(1), 237-276. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12076

Díaz-Soto, J. M., & Borbón, D. (2024). Structural injustice, marginality, and neurolaw: a normative comparative and theoretical approach. Frontiers in Sociology, 9, 1403914. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2024.1403914

Dilts, A. (2019). Crisis, critique, and abolition. In A time for critique (pp. 230-251). Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/harc19126-014

Donzelot, J. (1979/1977). The policing of families. Pantheon Books: Random House Incorporated. (org. published in French)

Duke, K., Gleeson, H., Dabrowska, K., Dich Herold, M., Rolando, S., & Thom, B. (2023). Building cultures of participation: Involving young people in contact with the criminal justice system in the development of drug interventions in the United Kingdom, Denmark, Italy and Poland. Youth Justice, 23(1), 97-116. https://doi.org/10.1177/14732254221075206

Dunne, A., & Raby, F. (2013). Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction, and Social Dreaming. MIT Press.

Durose, C. (2011). Revisiting Lipsky: Front-line work in UK local governance. Political studies, 59(4), 978-995. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2011.00886.x

Dünkel, F., Grzywa-Holten, J., & Horsfield, P. (2015). Restorative Justice and Mediation in Penal Matters - A stock-taking of legal issues, implementation strategies and outcomes in 36 European countries. Forum Verlag Godesberg

Edlund, J. (2006). Trust in the capability of the welfare state and general welfare state support: Sweden 1997-2002. Acta Sociologica, 49(4), 395-417. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699306071681

Elholm, T. (2011). Rimer signal på kriminal?: Om symbol-og signallovgivning i dansk kriminalpolitisk perspektiv [Does signal rhyme with crime?: On symbol and signal legislation in a Danish criminal policy perspective]. In Festskrift till Per Ole Träskman (pp. 166-178). Norstedts Juridik.

Engelund, K. (2023, 05-02-2025). Regeringen vil nedlægge jobcentrene: 'En stor og omfattende øvelse' [The government will close down the job centers: 'A large and comprehensive exercise']. https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/indland/regeringen-vil-nedlaegge-jobcentrene-en-stor-og-omfattende-oevelse

Enghausen, T. (2025). FOA: Svigt, svindel og profitfest på socialområdet. Her er fem løsninger, der kan stoppe det [FOA: Failure, fraud and profiteering in the social sector. Here are five solutions that can stop it] https://www.foa.dk/presse/debatindlaeg/2025/april/foa-svigt-svindel-og-profitfest

Eriksson, A. (2009). A bottom-up approach to transformative justice in Northern Ireland. International Journal of Transitional Justice, 3(3), 301-320. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijp019

Evans, M. (2016). Structural violence, socioeconomic rights, and transformative justice. Journal of Human Rights, 15(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14754835.2015.1032223

Fagan, A. A. (2001). The gender cycle of violence: Comparing the effects of child abuse and neglect on criminal offending for males and females. Violence and Victims, 16(4), 457. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.16.4.457

Feldtmann, B., Jørgensen, K., Lentz, L. W., & Olesen, A. (2024). Straffelovens udvikling i perioden 1980 til 2022 [Development of the Criminal Code in the period 1980 to 2022]. Juristen(2/2024), 50-61.

Felholt, L. (2024). Albertslund løser konflikter med 'genoprettende praksis': Sætter fokus på alt det, eleverne har tilfælles [Albertslund resolves conflicts with 'restorative practice': Focuses on everything students have in common]. https://skoleborn.dk/konflikloesning-med-genoprettende-praksis/

Ferguson, H., Warwick, L., Disney, T., Leigh, J., Cooner, T. S., & Beddoe, L. (2022). Relationship-based practice and the creation of therapeutic change in long-term work: social work as a holding relationship. Social Work Education, 41(2), 209-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2020.1837105

Fonseca, D. S. (2018). Reimagining the sociology of punishment through the global-south: Postcolonial social control and modernization discontents. Punishment & Society, 20(1), 54-72. https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474517740888

Francisco, N. A. (2021). Bodies in Confinement: Negotiating Queer, Gender Nonconforming, and Transwomen's Gender and Sexuality behind Bars. Laws, 10(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws10020049

Frandsen, L. (2011). Kvinder i fængsel [Women in prison]. F. O. T. P. O. o. Denmark]. https://www.ombudsmanden.dk/findviden/fob-artikler/kvinder_i_faengsel/#cp-title

Franko, K. (2021). Lives that matter: Criminology and global security inequality. International criminology, 1(1), 20-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43576-021-00007-0

Fransen, P. (2021). Hvem styrer fængslerne og fangehåndteringen i Danmark? Stillingen som direktør for fængselsvæsenet/kriminalforsorgen gennem 111 år [Who controls the prisons and prisoner management in Denmark? The position as director of the prison service/probation service for 111 years]. Nordisk Tidsskrift for Kriminalvidenskab, 108(1), 77-98. https://doi.org/10.7146/ntfk.v108i1.125565

Fraser, N. (1989). Unruly practices: Power, discourse, and gender in contemporary social theory. University of Minnesota Press.

Freedom of Movements Research Collective. (2018). "Stop Killing us Slowly": A research report on the motivation enhancement measures and criminalization of rejected asylum seekers in Denmark. http://refugees.dk/media/1757/stop-killing-us_uk.pdf

Frydendahl Larsen, B. (2017). When the problem of incorrigible girls became a problem of psychopathy. Nordic girlhoods: New perspectives and outlooks, 137-159. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65118-7_8

Frydendahl Larsen, B. (2020). Opdragelse og diagnosticering: Fra uopdragelighed til psykopati på Vejstrup Pigehjem 1908-1940 [Upbringing and diagnosis: From ill-manneredness to psychopathy at Vejstrup Girls' Home 1908-1940] [Doctoral dissertation, Lund University]. https://portal.research.lu.se/files/73014855/FrydendahlLarsen2020_OpdragelseOgDiagnosticering.pdf

Fuglsang, T., Okholm, M. M., & Ribe, M. Ø. (2020). Virkninger af straf over for gerningsmænd, befolkning og ofre - et litteraturstudie [Effects of Punishment on Offenders, the Population, and Victims - A Literature Study], Justitsministeriets Forskningskontor [Ministry of Justice Research Office]

Fuller, L., & Russo, A. (2016). Feminist pedagogy: Building community accountability. Feminist Teacher, 26(2-3), 179-197. https://doi.org/10.5406/femteacher.26.2-3.0179

Garland, D. (1985). Punishment and welfare: A history of penal strategies. Gower House.

Garland, D. (1990). Punishment and modern society: A study in social theory. University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226922508.001.0001

Garland, D. (2012). The culture of control: Crime and social order in contemporary society. University of Chicago Press.

Gaskell, C. (2010). 'If the social worker had called at least it would show they cared'. Young care leaver's perspectives on the importance of care. Children & Society, 24(2), 136-147. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.2009.00214.x

Gaynor, T. S. (2018). Social construction and the criminalization of identity: State-sanctioned oppression and an unethical administration. Public Integrity, 20(4), 358-369. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2017.1416881

Generation Five. (2007). Toward Transformative Justice: A Liberatory Approach to Child Sexual Abuse and other forms of Intimate and Community Violence. https://transformharm.org/tj_resource/toward-transformative-justice-a-liberatory-approach-to-child-sexual-abuse-and-other-forms-of-intimate-and-community-violence/

Gerber, A. (2021). Prefigurative Politics and Design. Pivot Conference Proceedings 2021. https://doi.org/10.21606/pluriversal.2021.0005

Gerber, M. M., & Jackson, J. (2013). Retribution as revenge and retribution as just deserts. Social justice research, 26, 61-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-012-0174-7

Gideon, L., & Thomas, A. L. (2017). Rehabilitation and the Rehabilitative Ideal. In Routledge Handbook of Corrections in the United States (pp. 38-49). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315645179-4

Gjørding, M. R. (2020). Envisioning Other Ways of Doing Consequence: a Critical Investigation of Court Trials in Denmark [Master's thesis, Lund University]. http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9028674

Gjørding, M. R. (2022). Hvorfor der ikke mangler fængselsbetjente - En grobund for andre samtaler og visioner om retfærdighed [Why There Is No Shortage of Prison Officers - A Ground for Other Conversations and Visions of Justice]. Retrieved 12-09-2024, from https://baggrund.com/2022/01/18/hvorfor-der-ikke-mangler-faengselsbetjente/

Gjørding, M. R., & Jessing, B. (2023). Når retten har overtaget konflikterne [When the court has taken over the conflicts]. Social Kritik: tidsskrift for social analyse og debat, 168(1), 53-60.

Goddard, T. (2012). Post-welfarist risk managers? Risk, crime prevention and the responsibilization of community-based organizations. Theoretical Criminology, 16(3), 347-363. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480611433432

Goffman, E. (1958). Characteristics of total institutions. Symposium on preventive and social psychiatry,

Gomes, S. (2018). How do foreign women end up in prison? An intersectional approach of criminal pathways. Female crime and delinquency in Portugal: In and out of the criminal justice system, 75-104. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73534-4_5

Goos, K. (1904). Tvangsarbejdsstraf og-Tvangsarbejdsanstalter i Danmark [Forced Labour Punishment and Forced Labour Institutions in Denmark]. Nordisk Tidsskrift for Fængselsvæsen og praktisk Strafferet, 27, 152-170. https://doi.org/10.7146/ntfps.v27i1-4.148301

Gordon, A. F. (2008). Ghostly matters: Haunting and the sociological imagination. University of Minnesota Press.

Gorz, A. (1967/1964). Arbejderbevægelse og nykapitalisme [Labor movement and neo-capitalism]. Gyldendal.

Goyes, D. R. (2021). Environmental crime in Latin America and southern green criminology. In Oxford research encyclopedia of criminology and criminal justice.

Gray, J., & Dagg, J. (2018). Using reflexive lifelines in biographical interviews to aid the collection, visualisation and analysis of resilience. Contemporary social science. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/gmd8r

Greenfield, V. A., & Paoli, L. (2013). A framework to assess the harms of crimes. British journal of criminology, 53(5), 864-885. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azt018

Gregersen, S. (2018, 27-09-2018). Flere og flere dropper jobbet som fængselsbetjent [More and more people are quitting their jobs as prison guards]. Fængselsfunktionæren [The Prison Officer, Trade Magazine]. https://faengselsforbundet.dk/fagbladet-net/flere-og-flere-dropper-jobbet-som-faengselsbetjent/

Gregersen, S. (2021, 04-08-2021). Manglende udviklingsmuligheder er hovedårsag til, at fængselsbetjente siger op [Lack of development opportunities is the main reason why prison officers resign]. Fængselsfunktionæren [The Prison Officer, Trade Magazine]. https://faengselsforbundet.dk/fagbladet-net/manglende-udviklingsmuligheder-er-hovedaarsag-til-at-faengselsbetjente-siger-op/?fbclid=IwY2xjawFPuFBleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHSw9EJzJIXhDcu1qjuUBhsSvGdZqmYAfw9UqO3H483ShC2bM7-hRhg3elw_aem_sjRobFxBvoXWam3Al_gqRw

Gregersen, S. (2024, 05-03-2024). Antallet af fængselsbetjente faldt også i 2023 [The number of prison officers also fell in 2023]. Fængselsfunktionæren [The Prison Officer, Trade Magazine]. https://faengselsforbundet.dk/fagbladet-net/fleraarsaftalen-bliver-ikke-indfriet/

Grundtvig, N. F. S. (1881(posthum)). Menneske først og Christen saa [Human first, then Christian] [Hymn]. Højskolesangbogen. https://hojskolesangbogen.dk/om-sangbogen/historier-om-sangene/m-n/menneske-foerst-og-kristen-saa

Gøtzsche-Astrup, O., Lindekilde, L., Maria Fjellman, A., Bjørgo, T., Solhjell, R., Haugstvedt, H., Sivenbring, J., Andersson Malmros, R., Kangasniemi, M., & Moilanen, T. (2023). Trust in interagency collaboration: The role of institutional logics and hybrid professionals. Journal of Professions and Organization, 10(1), 65-79. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpo/joac022

Hacker, K. (2013). Community-based participatory research. SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452244181

Haller, M. B., Solhjell, R., Saarikkomäki, E., Kolind, T., Hunt, G., & Wästerfors, D. (2020). Minor harassments: Ethnic minority youth in the Nordic countries and their perceptions of the police. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 20(1), 3-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895818800744

Hanh, T. N. (2007). Living buddha, living christ. Penguin.

Hannah-Moffat, K. (2011). Criminological cliques: Narrowing dialogues, institutional protectionism, and the next generation. What is criminology, 440-455. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571826.003.0030

Hansen, C. S. (2016). "Vilde piger","pigebander" og moralsk panik: om klassifikationskampe og betydningen af den offentlige repræsentation af sociale problemer ["Wild girls", "girl gangs" and moral panic: on classification struggles and the importance of public representation of social problems]. Pædagogisk Psykologisk Tidsskrift, 53(2), 5-16.

Haraway, D. (1988). Situated knowledges: The science question in feminism and the privilege of partial perspective. Feminist Studies, 14(3), 575-599. https://doi.org/10.2307/3178066

Haraway, D. (2010). When species meet: Staying with the trouble. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 28(1), 53-55. https://doi.org/10.1068/d2706wsh

Harrington, C., & Dillahunt, T. R. (2021). Eliciting tech futures among Black young adults: A case study of remote speculative co-design. Proceedings of the 2021 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems, https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445723

Harris, M. K. (2007). Transformative justice: The transformation of restorative justice. In D. W. Van Ness & G. Johnstone (Eds.), Handbook of restorative justice (pp. 555-566). Routledge.

Hart, H. L. A. (2008/1968). Punishment and responsibility: essays in the philosophy of law (J. Gardner, Ed. 2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.

Hart, R. (1980). Slaves who abolished slavery: Blacks in rebellion (Vol. 2). University of the West Indies Press.

Hastrup, K. (2004). Getting it right: Knowledge and evidence in anthropology. Anthropological Theory, 4(4), 455-472. https://doi.org/10.1177/1463499604047921

Heimer, K. (2019). Inequalities and crime. Criminology, 57(3), 377-394. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12220

Heiner, B. T., & Tyson, S. K. (2017). Feminism and the carceral state: Gender-responsive justice, community accountability, and the epistemology of antiviolence. Feminist Philosophy Quarterly, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.5206/fpq/2016.3.3

Heinsen, J. (2016). Flygtige stemmer - Straffefanger i Dansk Vestindien [Fleeting voices - Convicts in the Danish West Indies]. Temp-tidsskrift for historie, 7(13), 5-26.

Heinsen, J. (2018). Det første fængsel: 1620 [The first prison: 1620]. Aarhus University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv34wmqw6

Heinsen, J. (2023a). Carceral chains: pathways through a convict labour institution, 1690-1830. Scandinavian Journal of History, 48(5), 656-678. https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2023.2222740

Heinsen, J. (2023b). Escape and Reform in the Early Modern Danish Prison System. In Moving Workers: Historical Perspectives on Labour, Coercion and Im/Mobilities. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111137155-003

Helgeson, V. S. (1994). Prototypes and dimensions of masculinity and femininity. Sex Roles, 31, 653-682. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01544286

Henriksen, A.-K. (2017). Confined to care: Girls' gendered vulnerabilities in secure institutions. Gender & Society, 31(5), 677-698. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243217726968

Henriksen, A.-K. (2021a). Really, I Can Take Care of Myself. Living Like a Girl: Agency, Social Vulnerability and Welfare Measures in Europe and Beyond, 3, 205. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv31xf51k.17

Henriksen, A.-K. (2021b). "What about Last Time?": Exploring Potentiality in Danish Young Women's Violent Conflicts. Conflict and Society, 7(1), 160-174. https://doi.org/10.3167/arcs.2021.070111

Henriksen, A.-K., & Miller, J. (2012). Dramatic lives and relevant becomings: Toward a Deleuze-and Guattari-inspired cartography of young women's violent conflicts. Theoretical Criminology, 16(4), 435-461. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480612443378

Henriksen, A.-K., & Schliehe, A. (2020). Ethnography of young people in confinement: On subjectivity, positionality and situated ethics in closed space. Qualitative research, 20(6), 837-853. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794120904873

High:five. (n.n.). Virksomhed [Buisness]. https://highfive.net/virksomhed/

Hillyard, P., Pantazis, C., Tombs, S., & Gordon, D. (2004). Beyond criminology: Taking harm seriously. Pluto. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt18fscmm

Hipple, N. K., Duwe, G., & Northcutt Bohmert, M. (2016). Evaluating restorative justice Circles of Support and Accountability (COSA): Can social support overcome structural barriers? International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 62(3), 739-758. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X16652627

Hjaltason, P., & Taxhjelm, F. R. (2022). Kønsminoriteters rettigheder i fængslerne. https://menneskeret.dk/files/media/document/K%C3%B8nsminoriteters%20rettigheder%20i%20f%C3%A6ngslerne_Januar%202022_tilg%C3%A6ngelig.pdf

Hjelmar, U. (2013). Erfaringer med en koordinatorfunktion i det kriminalitetsforebyggende arbejde i Albertslunds Kommune [Experiences with a coordinator function in crime prevention work in the Municipality of Albertslund]. https://www.vive.dk/da/udgivelser/erfaringer-med-en-koordinatorfunktion-i-det-kriminalitetsforebyggende-arbejde-i-albertslund-kommune-ozo4d5xn/

Hjelmar, U., Jakobsen, M. B., Andersen, A. T., & Bolvig, I. (2020). Helhedsindsats for udsatte familier - Virkninger og erfaringer med indsats i Gladsaxe Kommune 2016-2019. https://www.vive.dk/da/udgivelser/erfaringer-med-en-koordinatorfunktion-i-det-kriminalitetsforebyggende-arbejde-i-albertslund-kommune-ozo4d5xn/

Hoddy, E. T., & Gready, P. (2020). From agency to root causes: Addressing structural barriers to transformative justice in transitional and post-conflict settings. Contemporary social science, 15(5), 561-576. https://doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2020.1812706

Holmberg, L., & Kyvsgaard, B. (2003). Are immigrants and their descendants discriminated against in the Danish criminal justice system? Journal of Scandinavian studies in criminology and crime prevention, 4(2), 125-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/14043850310020027

hooks, b. (2014/1994). Teaching to transgress. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203700280

Hornum, F. (1988). Corrections in two social welfare democracies: Denmark and Sweden. The Prison Journal, 68(1), 63-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/003288558806800108

Howe, D., Kohli, R., Smith, M., Parkinson, C., McMahon, L., Solomon, R., Simmonds, J., Cooper, A., Dutton, J., & Fairtlough, A. (2018). Relationship-based social work: Getting to the heart of practice. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Howe, R. (2018). Community-led sexual violence and prevention work: Utilising a Transformative Justice framework. Social Work & Policy Studies: Social Justice, Practice and Theory, 1(001).

Hulsman, L. H. (1986). Critical criminology and the concept of crime. Contemp. Crises, 10, 63. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00728496

Hørkilde, M., & Tidemann, D. (2025, 19-05-2024). Regeringen i markant melding: Det danske fængselsvæsen skal udvides med 1.000 pladser [The government makes a significant announcement: The Danish prison system will be expanded by 1,000 places]. Berlingske. https://www.berlingske.dk/politik/regeringen-i-markant-melding-det-danske-faengselsvaesen-skal-udvides-med

Icaza, R. G. (2017). Decolonial feminism and global politics: Border thinking and vulnerability as a knowing otherwise. In J. Danely, V. Browne, & D. Rosenow (Eds.), Vulnerability and the Politics of Care: Transdisciplinary Dialogues. Oxford University Press.

Icaza, R. G., & Aguilar, V. (2021). Un feminismo otro. On the (im)possibilities of encountering each other across the colonial divide. Journal Fur Entwicklungspolitik, 38(1/2), 210-238. https://doi.org/10.20446/JEP-2414-3197-37-1-210

Jackson, A. Y., & Mazzei, L. A. (2024). Postfoundational inquiry after method: Reorientations, enactments, and openings. In L. A. Mazzei & A. Y. Jackson (Eds.), Postfoundational Approaches to Qualitative Inquiry (pp. 1-16). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003298519-1

Jackson, J. L., & Meiners, E. R. (2010). Feeling like a failure: Teaching/Learning abolition through the good the bad and the innocent. Radical Teacher: A Socialist, Feminist and Anti-Racist Journal on the Theory and Practice of Teaching, 1(88), 20-30. https://doi.org/10.1353/rdt.2010.0008

James, J. (2023). The Alchemy of Abolitionisms. Inquest.

Jensen, D. C., & Hansen, N. N. (2024). Et borgerperspektiv på kriminalpræventive indsatser målrettet personer med psykisk sygdom [A citizen perspective on crime prevention efforts targeting people with mental illness]. https://www.vive.dk/da/udgivelser/et-borgerperspektiv-paa-kriminalpraeventive-indsatser-maalrettet-personer-med-psykisk-sygdom-4xk1l2oz/

Jensen, S. G., Larsen, B. F., & Smed, S. (2025). Uregerlige kroppe og trodsige sind. Isolation af anbragte piger og kvinder [Unruly bodies and defiant minds. Isolation of girls and women in institutions]. Dansk pædagogisk tidsskrift, 23.

Jensen, S. G., & Smed, S. (2024). Pigerne fra Sprogø [The girls from Sprogø]. Lindhardt og Ringhof.

Jensen, S. H., Anja , Løie, L., & Nobili, H. (2023). Relationsdannende og genoprettende praksis [Relationship-building and restorative practices] In Forebyg Forbrydelsen! [Prevent the crime!]. https://www.buzzsprout.com/1952052/episodes/13087973-relationsdannende-og-genoprettende-praksis

Jewkes, Y. (2004). Media and crime. Sage.

Jewkes, Y., & Wright, S. (2016). Researching the prison. In Handbook on prisons (pp. 659-676). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315797779-38

Johansen, M.-L. (2022). Fraught parenting: Immigrant parents' chronic double-bind in Denmark. Ethnography, 23(3), 404-423. https://doi.org/10.1177/1466138119892018

Johansen, M.-L. E., & Jensen, S. B. (2017). "They want us out": urban regeneration and the limits of integration in the Danish welfare state. Critique of Anthropology, 37(3), 297-316. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308275X17719990

Jülich, S., MacRae, A., & MacRae, R. (2009). Restorative justice in restorative communities: Community group conferencing and youth gangs. Addressing Youth Offending Through Collaboration and Engagement.

Järveläinen, E., & Rantanen, T. (2021). Incarcerated people's challenges for digital inclusion in Finnish prisons. Nordic Journal of Criminology, 22(2), 240-259. https://doi.org/10.1080/2578983X.2020.1819092

Järvinen, M., & Mik-Meyer, N. (Eds.). (2004). At skabe en klient: Institutionelle identiteter i socialt arbejde [Creating a client: Institutional identities in social work] (2nd ed.). Hans Reitzel.

Jørgensen, A. M. (2022). Time for and timing in social work with vulnerable families: Responding to needs in neoliberal times. European Journal of Social Work, 25(5), 855-866. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691457.2022.2040435

Jørgensen, T. T., Kyvsgaard, B., Pedersen, A.-J. B., & Pedersen, M. L. (2015). Præventive effekter af straf og andre tiltag over for lovovertrædere. En forskningsoversigt [Preventive Effects of Punishment and Other Measures Against Offenders: A Research Overview]. Justitsministeriets forskningskontor [Ministry of Justice Research Office]

Kaba, M. (2021). We do this' til we free us: Abolitionist organizing and transforming justice (Vol. 1). Haymarket Books.

Kaba, M., & Hassan, S. (2019). Fumbling towards repair: A workbook for community accountability facilitators. Project Nia.

Kandaswamy, P., Okazawa-Rey, M., & Shigematsu, S. (2023). Building a Culture of Life: A Conversation on Abolition, Feminism, and Asian American Politics. Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, 44(3), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1353/fro.2023.a922875

Kankaala, E. (2015). Holistic solutions to shared problems: a case study on inter-organizational collaboration and collaborative innovation in crime prevention [Doctoral dissertation, Roskilde University]. https://forskning.ruc.dk/files/55707634/Kankaala_Elisa_2015_Holistic_solutions_to_shared_problems_PhD_thesis.pdf

Kelstrup, J. D., Jørgensen, J. V., & Hansen, M. P. (2025). The disenchanted fairy godmother: comparing how and why evidence-based management and public service professionals influenced policy performance in public school and active labour market policy in Denmark. Evidence & Policy, 21(2), 186-205. https://doi.org/10.1332/17442648Y2025D000000044

Kettunen, P., & Petersen, K. (2021). Images of the Nordic welfare model: Historical layers and ambiguities. In The making and circulation of Nordic models, ideas and images (pp. 13-33). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003156925-3

Kidd-Hewitt, D. O., Richard. (1995). Crime and the Media: The Post-Modern Spectacle. Pluto Press.

Kilmer, A., Abdel-Salam, S., & Silver, I. A. (2023). "The Uniform's in the Way": Navigating the Tension Between Security and Therapeutic Roles in a Rehabilitation-Focused Prison in Norway. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 50(4), 521-540. https://doi.org/10.1177/00938548221143536

Kilty, J. M. (2012). 'It's like they don't want you to get better': Psy control of women in the carceral context. Feminism & Psychology, 22(2), 162-182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353512439188

Kim, M. E. (2018). From carceral feminism to transformative justice: Women-of-color feminism and alternatives to incarceration. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 27(3), 219-233. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313204.2018.1474827

Kim, M. E. (2021). Transformative justice and restorative justice: Gender-based violence and alternative visions of justice in the United States. International review of victimology, 27(2), 162-172. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269758020970414

Kim, M. E., Rasmussen, C., Washington, D. M., & Kaba, M. (Eds.). (2024). Abolition and social work: Possibilities, paradoxes, and the practice of community care. Haymarket Books.

Kind, A. (2016). Imagining under constraints. Knowledge through imagination, 145-159. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198716808.003.0007

Kind, A. (2025). Imagination, society, and the self. In Imagination and Experience. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003366898-24

Klingsey, M. (2010, 20-10-2010). Besværlige kvinder fik det hvide snit [Difficult women got lobotomies]. Information. https://www.information.dk/indland/2010/10/besvaerlige-kvinder-fik-hvide-snit

Kluge, S. (2000). Empirically grounded construction of types and typologies in qualitative social research. Forum qualitative sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative social research,

Knight, A. (2021). Feminist Vulnerability Politics: Judith Butler on Autonomy and the Pursuit of a" Livable Life". Feminist Formations, 33(3), 175-198. https://doi.org/10.1353/ff.2021.0044

Koch, I., & Jensen, K. (1981a). Kvinder i fængsel [Women in prison]. Nordisk Samarbejdsråd for Kriminologi.

Koch, I., & Jensen, K. (1981b). Kvinder i Fængsel: Delrapport III: Kvindelige fangers sociale baggrund [Women in Prison: Part III: Social Background of Female Prisoners].

Kofoed, J., & Staunæs, D. (2015). Hesitancy as ethics. Reconceptualizing educational research methodology, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.7577/rerm.1559

Kongstad, A. (2008). Bagatelagtige forhold vedrørende tidligere kærester - Om piger og vold [Trivial matters regarding ex-boyfriends - About girls and violence].

Koro, M. (2022). Speculative experimentation in (methodological) pluriverse. Qualitative Inquiry, 28(2), 135-142. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778004211032535

Kragh, J. V. (2010). Det hvide snit: psykokirurgi og dansk psykiatri 1922-1983 [The white cut: psychosurgery and Danish psychiatry 1922-1983]. Syddansk Universitetsforlag.

Kragh, J. V., Jensen, S. G., & Rasmussen, J. K. (2015). På kanten af velfærdsstaten: anbragte og indlagte i dansk socialforsorg 1933-1980 [On the edge of the welfare state: people placed and hospitalized in Danish social welfare 1933-1980]. Syddansk Universitetsforlag.

Kvist, J., Pedersen, L., & Köhler, P. A. (2008). Making all persons work: Modern Danish labour market policies. In Bringing the jobless into work? Experiences with activation schemes in Europe and the US (pp. 221-256). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77435-8_6

LaChance, D., & Dwyer, A. (2023). Transgender and Gender Non-conforming Young People and the School-To-Prison Pipeline: Too Crucial to Ignore. In Transgender People and Criminal Justice: An Examination of Issues in Victimology, Policing, Sentencing, and Prisons (pp. 73-96). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29893-6_4

Lachenmeier, A., Poulsen, S. A., & Thomsen, A. E. (2023). Uddannelse til indsatte - En undersøgelse af indsattes oplevelser med uddannelse i de danske fængsler og arrester [Education for prisoners - A study of prisoners' experiences with education in Danish prisons and detention centers]. https://www.taenkperspektiv.dk/s/Rapport-Uddannelse-til-indsatte-Tnketanken-Perspektiv.pdf

Lamble, S. (2023). Sexual peril and dangerous others: The moral economies of the trans prisoner policy debates in England and Wales. Sexualities. https://doi.org/10.1177/13634607231201735

Lamusse, T. (2023). Abolitionist justice: Towards an abolitionist theory of justice and the state [Doctoral dissertation, University of Auckland]. https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/bitstreams/164ac328-5ef8-4e16-bb0d-72e4a1b15a9e/download

Langer, M. (2020). Penal abolitionism and criminal law minimalism: here and there, now and then. Harv. L. Rev. F., 134, 42.

Lappi-Seppälä, T. (2012). Penal policies in the Nordic countries 1960-2010. Journal of Scandinavian studies in criminology and crime prevention, 13(sup1), 85-111. https://doi.org/10.1080/14043858.2012.740858

Larsen, F., & Caswell, D. (2022). Co-creation in an era of welfare conditionality-Lessons from Denmark. Journal of Social Policy, 51(1), 58-76. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279420000665

Lather, P. (2008). Against empathy, voice and authenticity. In Voice in qualitative inquiry (pp. 29-38). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203891889-8

Lather, P., & St. Pierre, E. A. (2013). Post-qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 26(6), 629-633. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2013.788752

Lather, P. A. S., Chris. (2018/1997). Troubling the angels: Women living with HIV/AIDS. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429503429

Laugesen, L. E. (2017). Et kvalitativt studie af konfliktmægling i det kriminalpræventive arbejde i Furesø kommune [A qualitative study of conflict mediation in crime prevention work in Furesø municipality] [Master's thesis, Aalborg University]. Et kvalitativt studie af konfliktmægling i det kriminalpræventive arbejde i Furesø kommune

Lauri, M., Carbin, M., & Linander, I. (2023). The rise of carceral feminism in Sweden: Analysing political debate and policy on men's violence against women. Women's Studies International Forum, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2023.102780

Laursen, J. (2016). We don't want you to think criminal thoughts' - a sociological exploration of prison-based cognitive behavioural programmes in Denmark [Doctoral dissertation, Aalborg University]. https://vbn.aau.dk/files/549418405/PHD_Julie_Laursen_E_pdf.pdf

Lausten, M. (2025). Anbragte børn i Danmark [Children in care in Denmark]. https://www.vive.dk/da/temaer/anbragte-boern-i-danmark/

Law, V. (2021). " Prisons Make Us Safer": And 20 Other Myths about Mass Incarceration (Vol. 9). Beacon Press.

Laws, B. (2019). The return of the suppressed: Exploring how emotional suppression reappears as violence and pain among male and female prisoners. Punishment & Society, 21(5), 560-577. https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474518805071

Lea, T. (2008). Bureaucrats and bleeding hearts: Indigenous health in Northern Australia. unsw Press.

Lea, T. (2020). Wild policy: Indigeneity and the unruly logics of intervention. Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781503612679

Leavy, P. (2020). Method meets art: Arts-based research practice. The Guilford Press.

León, K. S. (2021). Critical criminology and race: re‐examining the whiteness of US criminological thought. The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice, 60(3), 388-408. https://doi.org/10.1111/hojo.12441

Lester, Q. (2021). Whose democracy in which state?: Abolition democracy from Angela Davis to WEB Du Bois. Social Science Quarterly, 102(7), 3081-3086. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.13019

Liebling, A. (2001). Whose side are we on? Theory, practice and allegiances in prisons research. British journal of criminology, 41(3), 472-484. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/41.3.472

Lincoln, Y. S. (1995). Emerging criteria for quality in qualitative and interpretive research. Qualitative Inquiry, 1(3), 275-289. https://doi.org/10.1177/107780049500100301

Lindekilde, N., Melander-Nyboe, P., Vang, M. L., Elklit, A., Andersen, L.-P. S., Bäckström, D., & Pihl-Thingvad, J. (2025). Working with the socially vulnerable-an observational cross-sectional study investigating the association between exposure to socially vulnerable patients and symptoms of burnout in ambulance personnel. Prehospital Emergency Care(just-accepted), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2025.2521407

Lindstad, J. M. (2014). Brugerundersøgelsen 2013 - Indsatte i fængsler og arresthuse [User Survey 2013 - Inmates in prisons and jail centers].

Lipsitz, G. (2004). Abolition democracy and global justice. Comparative American Studies An International Journal, 2(3), 271-286. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477570004047906

Lipsky, M. (2010/1980). Street-level bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the individual in public service. Russell Sage Foundation.

Lister, R. (2009). A Nordic nirvana? Gender, citizenship, and social justice in the Nordic welfare states. Social Politics, 16(2), 242-278. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxp007

Llewellyn, J. J. (2021). Transforming restorative justice. Int'l J. Restorative Just., 4, 374. https://doi.org/10.5553/TIJRJ.000096

Locke, J. (2021). In It Together: Theorizing Collective Karma through Transformative Justice. The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 35(4), 305-322. https://doi.org/10.5325/jspecphil.35.4.0305

Lodahl, L., & Pedersen, M. U. (2007). Evaluering af indsatsen på fem kontraktafdelinger [Evaluation of the efforts of five contract departments].

Lohne, K. (2023). Nordic penal humanitarianism. Nordic Criminal Justice in a Global Context, 128. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003195504-10

lov], C. A. B. (2025). Social- og Boligministeriet [Danish Ministry of Social Affairs and Housing]. https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2025/282

Lund-Sørensen, N., & Clausen, S. (2014). Klientundersøgelsen 2011 - Delrapport om kvinder [Client Survey 2011 - Interim Report on Women].

Lundberg, A. (2012). Grossly inadequate: Feminist figurations, neo-liberal governmentality, and comic culture. NORA-Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 20(4), 289-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/08038740.2012.729536

Lundsteen, M. (2023). Displacing the other to unite the nation: The parallel society legislation in Denmark. European Urban and Regional Studies, 30(3), 261-281. https://doi.org/10.1177/09697764231165202

Lury, C., Viney, W., & Wark, S. (2022). Introduction: figure, figuring and configuration. In Figure: Concept and Method (pp. 1-20). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2476-7_1

Lykes, M. B., & Crosby, A. (2014). Feminist practice of action and community research. Feminist research practice: A primer, 145-181. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071909911.n6

Lynch, K. (1999). Equality studies, the academy and the role of research in emancipatory social change. Economic and Social Review, 30, 41-70.

Lynch, M. J. (2017). Conflict and Crime: Marx, Engels, Marxist/Radical Criminology, and the Explanation of Crime. The Handbook of the History and Philosophy of Criminology, 84-101. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119011385.ch5

Løvkvist, K. (2025, 17-05-2025). Regeringen klar med ny form for strafarbejde: Vil sende kriminelle fra København til Jylland [The government is ready with a new form of penal labor: Will send criminals from Copenhagen to Jutland]. Berlingske. https://www.berlingske.dk/politik/regeringen-klar-med-ny-form-for-strafarbejde-vil-sende-kriminelle-fra

Mackenzie, C. (2013). The Importance of Relational Autonomy and Capabilities for an Ethics of Vulnerability. In. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199316649.003.0002

Mackenzie, C. (2019a). Feminist innovation in philosophy: Relational autonomy and social justice. Women's studies international forum, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2018.05.003

Mackenzie, C. (2019b). Relational autonomy: State of the art debate. Spinoza and relational autonomy, 10-32. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474419703-004

Mackenzie, C., Rogers, W., & Dodds, S. (2013). Introduction: What is Vulnerability, and Why Does It Matter for Moral theory? In. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199316649.003.0001

Madsen, M. (2023). Exceptionalism for most, excess for others: The legal foundation of a bifurcated criminal justice system in Denmark. European Journal of Criminology, 14773708231208333. https://doi.org/10.1177/14773708231208333

Magnussen, S., Malmborg, E., & Nielsen, M. V. (2008). Projekt 'Pigeproblematikken' [Project 'Girl Issues'].

Malmborg, E., & Hansen, S. (2003). Et stresset pigeliv [A stressed girl life]. In. Center for Ungdomsforskning, Center for Youth Research.

Marston, G., Larsen, J. E., & McDonald, C. (2005). The active subjects of welfare reform: A street-level comparison of employment services in Australia and Denmark. Social Work and Society, 3(2), 141-157.

Mathiassen, C. (2011). Perspektiver på kvinders dagligdag i danske fængsler: Erfaringer med kvinders og mænds fælles afsoning [Perspectives on women's daily lives in Danish prisons: Experiences with women and men serving sentences together] (9788774302162). https://doi.org/10.7146/aul.64.63

Mathiassen, C. (2015a). Kvinder, køn og tilblivelse-i fængsler [Women, gender and becoming-in prisons]. Psyke & Logos, 36(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.7146/pl.v36i1.22826

Mathiassen, C. (2015b). Perspektiver på kvinders dagligdag i danske fængsler: ‐ Erfaringer med kvinders og mænds fælles afsoning. AU Library Scholarly Publishing Services. https://doi.org/10.7146/aul.64.63

Mathiassen, C. (2021a). Fængslede kvinder er andet og mere end stereotyper: Kvindefængsel i Danmark anno 2021 [Imprisoned women are more than just stereotypes: Women's prisons in Denmark in 2021]. Nordisk Tidsskrift for Kriminalvidenskab, 108(1), 289-302. https://doi.org/10.7146/ntfk.v108i1.125578

Mathiassen, C. (2021b). Fængslede kvinder i Danmark [Imprisoned women in Denmark]. In Det fængslede menneske: nedslag i fængslet idéhistorier (pp. 134-147). Baggrund.

Mathiesen, T. (2015/1974). The Politics of Abolition. In The Politics of Abolition Revisited (pp. 45-247). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.18261/8200093433

Maxwell, K., Callahan, J. L., Ruggero, C. J., & Janis, B. (2016). Breaking the cycle: Association of attending therapy following childhood abuse and subsequent perpetration of violence. Journal of family violence, 31, 251-258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-015-9765-z

Mayr, A., & Machin, D. (2011). The Language of Crime and Deviance: An Introduction to Critical Linguistic Analysis in Media and Popular Culture (1 ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing.

Mazzei, L. A., & Jackson, A. Y. (2012). Complicating voice in a refusal to "let participants speak for themselves". Qualitative Inquiry, 18(9), 745-751. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800412453017

Mazzei, L. A., & Jackson, A. Y. (2023). Postfoundational approaches to qualitative inquiry. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003298519

McCracken, J. (2019). Learning with Women in Jail: Creating Community-Based Participatory Research (1st 2019. ed.). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27690-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27690-4_1

McGill, D. (2019). Tackling structural violence through the transformative justice framework. In Transitional and Transformative Justice (pp. 11-35). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351068321-2

McLeod, A. M. (2018). Envisioning abolition democracy. Harv. L. Rev., 132, 1613.

McNamarah, C. T. (2023). CIS-woman-protective arguments. Columbia Law Review, 123(3), 845-928.

Mehlbye, J., Hjelmar, U., & Permin Berger, N. (2012). Det kriminalitetsforebyggende arbejde i Ishøj Kommune 2012 - En evaluering af organisering og indsatser [Crime prevention work in Ishøj Municipality 2012 - An evaluation of organization and efforts].

Meiners, E. R. (2010). Educational Justice Work: Resisting our Carceral State. Handbook of public pedagogy; education and learning beyond schooling, 543-554.

Mik-Meyer, N. (2017). The power of citizens and professionals in welfare encounters: The influence of bureaucracy, market and psychology. In The power of citizens and professionals in welfare encounters. Manchester University Press. https://doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526110282.001.0001

Mik-Meyer, N. (2018). Fagprofessionelles møde med udsatte klienter - Dilemmaer i den organisatoriske praksis [Professionals' encounters with vulnerable clients - Dilemmas in organizational practice]. Hans Reitzels Forlag.

Mikkelsen, K. S., Madsen, J. K., & Baekgaard, M. (2024). Is stress among street‐level bureaucrats associated with experiences of administrative burden among clients? A multilevel study of the Danish unemployment sector. Public administration review, 84(2), 248-260. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13673

Miller, T., & Haslam, T. L. (2021). Udsatte familiers perspektiv på koordinerede, helhedsorienterede sociale indsatser:-om styrkelse af handlekompetence [Vulnerable families' perspective on coordinated, holistic social interventions:-on strengthening action competence]. Forskning i Pædagogers Profession og Uddannelse, 5(1), 17-17. https://doi.org/10.7146/fppu.v5i1.125708

Mingus, M. (2019). The four parts of accountability: How to give a genuine apology part 1. Leaving Evidence, 18. https://leavingevidence.wordpress.com/2019/12/18/how-to-give-a-good-apology-part-1-the-four-parts-of-accountability/

Mingus, M. (2022). Transformative justice: A brief description. Fellowship, 84(2), 17-19.

Minke, A. L. K., & Smith, P. S. (2017). Trusler og vold i danske fængsler og arresthuse [Threats and violence in Danish prisons and jail centers]. In KRIM-50 års kriminalpolitik: Resultater og visioner (pp. 232-267). Landsforeningen KRIM [National Association KRIM].

Minke, L. K. (2010). Fængslets indre liv: med særlig fokus på fængselskultur og prisonisering blandt indsatte [The inner life of prison: with special focus on prison culture and prisonization among inmates] [Doctoral dissertation, University of Sothern Denmark]. SDU.

Minke, L. K., & Vanhouche, A.-S. (2023). Renting cells abroad: Understanding contemporary policy responses to prison overcrowding. Nordic Journal of Criminology, 24(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.18261/njc.24.1.3

Mitchell, W., & Irvine, A. (2008). I'm okay, you're okay?: Reflections on the well-being and ethical requirements of researchers and research participants in conducting qualitative fieldwork interviews. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 7(4), 31-44. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690800700403

Moesby-Johansen, C. K. (2004). De vilde piger [The Wilds Girls]. Social Kritik: Tidsskrift for social analyse & debat, 16(92), 50-67.

Moldenhawer, B. (2018). Følelsesarbejde med asylsøgende børn: En analyse af særlige eller almindelige dilemmaer i professionelt velfærdsarbejde [Emotional work with asylum-seeking children: An analysis of special or common dilemmas in professional welfare work]. Tidsskrift for Professionsstudier, 14(27), 22-32. https://doi.org/10.7146/tfp.v14i27.110400

Monrad, M. (2024). Emotional capital in citizen agency: contesting administrative burden through anger. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 34(4), 611-623. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muae017

Monticelli, L. (2024). Introduction. In The future is now: An introduction to prefigurative politics. Bristol University Press.

Morris, R. (1994a). Not enough. Mediation Q., 12, 285. https://doi.org/10.1002/crq.3900120309

Morris, R. (1994b). A Practical Path to Transformative Justice. Rittenhouse, A new vision. https://books.google.dk/books?id=FnvEtgAACAAJ

Morris, R. (2000). Stories of transformative justice. Canadian Scholars' Press.

Morrissey, B. (2023). Sad, Bad or Mad: The Denial of Agency to Women Who Kill. In The Emerald International Handbook of Feminist Perspectives on Women's Acts of Violence (pp. 361-375). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80382-255-620231024

Mortensen, N. (2022, 14.09.2022). Min dom er afsonet og min straffeattest er ren. Men gælden på 700.000 kroner kommer jeg aldrig af med [My sentence has been served and my criminal record is clean. But I will never get rid of the debt of 700,000 kroner.] Information. https://www.information.dk/debat/2022/09/dom-afsonet-straffeattest-ren-gaelden-paa-700000-kroner-kommer-aldrig

Moten, F., & Harney, S. (2004). The university and the undercommons: Seven theses. Social text, 22(2), 101-115. https://doi.org/10.1215/01642472-22-2_79-101

Mountz, S. (2020). Remapping pipelines and pathways: Listening to queer and transgender youth of color's trajectories through girls' juvenile justice facilities. Affilia, 35(2), 177-199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109919880517

Mujinovic, F. (2024). Ontologisering af lønarbejde - en queerkritik af konstruktionen af lønarbejde og det arbejdende menneske i dele af socialrådgiverstudiets curriculum [Ontologization of wage labor - a queer critique of the construction of wage labor and the working person in parts of the social work curriculum] [Master's thesis, Roskilde University (RUC)]. https://rucforsk.ruc.dk/ws/files/100020356/Speciale__69971__undtagen_bilag.pdf

Muñoz, J. E. (2009). Cruising utopia: The then and there of queer futurity. New York University Press.

Møllerhøj, J., Brandt-Christensen, M., & Stølan, L. O. (2020). » Så de lod mig bare være…«-eksempler på veje fra psykiatrisk til retspsykiatrisk patient ["So they just left me alone..." - examples of paths from psychiatric to forensic psychiatric patient]. Nordisk Tidsskrift for Kriminalvidenskab, 107(3), 287-306. https://doi.org/10.7146/ntfk.v107i3.124886

Mørck, L. L., Schwartz, I., Christensen, T. W., & Nissen, M. (2023). Fællesskabende praksisser [Community-based practices]. Frydenlund Academic.

Mørck, L. L. P., Svenn, Baunbjerg, M., & Kensmark, C. S. (2024). Hillerød-modellen: Brobygning, netværk og fællesskabelse arrangeret som (SSP-) samarbejde [The Hillerød model: Bridge building, networking and community building arranged as (SSP-) collaboration]. Nordiske Udkast, 52(2). https://doi.org/10.7146/nu.v52i2.152908

Nagel, M. (2021). The lawlessness of law: Outlaw nation, settler colonialism, and a possessive investment in whiteness. In M. J. Coyle & M. Nagel (Eds.), Contesting Carceral Logic - Towards Abolitionist Futures (pp. 36-49). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003161813-7

National Association of Municipalities [Kommunernes Landsforening]. (2021a). Helhedsorienterede indsatser for udsatte borgere - hvorfor og hvordan: Anbefalinger og eksempler [Holistic interventions for vulnerable citizens - why and how: Recommendations and examples]. Kommunenes Landsforening

National Association of Municipalities [Kommunernes Landsforening]. (2021b). Helhedsorienterede indsatser for udsatte borgere - metoder og redskaber: Anbefalinger og eksempler [Holistic interventions for vulnerable citizens - methods and tools: Recommendations and examples]. Kommunernes Landsforening

NIA, T. B. C. f. R. o. W. P. (2020). Building Accountable Communities. https://bcrw.barnard.edu/building-accountable-communities/

Nilsson, I. N., & Nagel, D. K. (2015). Kritiske perspektiver på nyere dansk retspolitik - skridt på vej mod en straffestat? [Critical perspectives on recent Danish legal policy - steps towards a penal state?]. Dansk sociologi, 26(3), 55-76. https://doi.org/10.22439/dansoc.v26i3.5054

Nilsson, R. (2017). "First We Build the Factory, Then We Add the Institution": Prison, Work and Welfare State in Sweden c. 1930-1970. In P. S. U. Smith, Thomas (Ed.), Scandinavian penal history, culture and prison practice: Embraced by the welfare state? (pp. 35-56). https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58529-5_2

Nocella, A. J. (2011). An overview of the history and theory of transformative justice. Peace & conflict review, 6(1), 1-10.

Norstedt, M., Lundberg, S., Mulinari, P., Nordling, V., & Öberg, K. (2022). Editorial: Waiting in and for the welfare state. 25(6), 939-944. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691457.2022.2142887

Nussbaum, M. C. (2011). Creating capabilities the human development approach. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674061200

Nylander, P.-Å., Lindberg, O., & Bruhn, A. (2011). Emotional labour and emotional strain among Swedish prison officers. European Journal of Criminology, 8(6), 469-483. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370811413806

Nørretranders, T. (2021). Afskaf affald - Fremtidsskrift [Abolish Waste - Future writing]. Peoples' Press.

Nørup, I. (2014). Arbejde og Sygdom-og om at være en del af fællesskabet: En kritik af forestillingen om arbejdsmarkedsdeltagelsens afgørende betydning for den sociale eksklusion af kronisk syge og handicappede [Work and Illness - and about being part of the community: A critique of the notion of the crucial importance of labor market participation for the social exclusion of chronically ill and disabled people] [Doctoral dissertation, Aalborg Universitet]. https://vbn.aau.dk/files/549529038/Iben_N_rup_EPUB.pdf

O'Brien, M. (2023). Family Abolition. Pluto Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.3508398

Okholm, M. M., Pedersen, M. L., & Ribe, M. Ø. (2021). Økonomiske konsekvenser af indsatser over for indsatte - Den Socialøkonomiske Investeringsmodel [Economic consequences of interventions for prisoners - The Social Economic Investment Model].

Online Etymology Dictionary. (2019). Municipality (n.) https://www.etymonline.com/word/municipality#etymonline_v_31398

Online Etymology Dictionary. (2020). Commune https://www.etymonline.com/word/commune

Osterman, L. A. (2016). Stories across borders: how female ex-offenders make sense of their journey through crime and criminal justice in Sweden and England [Doctoral dissertation, University of Surrey].

Padovan-Özdemir, M. (2022). Docenttiltrædelsesforelæsning: De gode viljers skygger: Et dekoloniserende og normkritisk perspektiv på velfærdsarbejdet [Inaugural Associate Professorship Lecture: The Shadows of Good Intentions: A Decolonizing and Norm-Critical Perspective on Welfare Work]. Tidsskrift for Professionsstudier, 34, 86-94. https://doi.org/10.7146/tfp.v18i35.134058

Pandeli, J., Alcadipani da Silveira, R., & Liao, Q. (2025). 'Carry on laughing and I'll punish you as well!': humour, power, and relationship negotiation in a prison workshop. Culture and Organization, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/14759551.2025.2454988

Papazu, I., Simonsen, T., & Reime, L. (2024). The digital state overflowing its boundaries: considering the case of digital inclusion in Denmark. Digitalization in Practice: Intersections, Implications and Interventions, 14, 75. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110787641-005

Patientsikkerhed], D. P. S. A. S. f. (2023). Tilsynsrapport Jyderup Fængsel: Sundhedsfagligt, reaktivt - udgående tilsyn [Supervisory Report Jyderup Prison: Health Professional, Reactive - Outreach Supervision]. https://stps.dk/tilsynsrapporter/2023/jun/jyderup-faengsel

Pearce, J., & Pearce, J. (2020). The monopoly of violence: From affect control to biopower. Politics without Violence? Towards a Post-Weberian Enlightenment, 195-223. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26082-8_8

Pecenco, L. (2018). From the inside out: Using arts-based research to make prison art public. Creating social change through creativity: Anti-oppressive arts-based research methodologies, 311-330. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52129-9_17

Pedersen, M. J., Stritch, J. M., & Thuesen, F. (2018). Punishment on the frontlines of public service delivery: Client ethnicity and caseworker sanctioning decisions in a Scandinavian welfare state. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 28(3), 339-354. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muy018

Pedersen, M. L., Okholm, M. M., & Balvig, F. (2024). Udsathed for vold og andre former for kriminalitet. Offerundersøgelserne 2005-2023. Hovedtal.

Pedwell, C. (2014). Affective relations: The transnational politics of empathy. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137275264

Pehl, E. P. (2024). On "Deadnaming" the "Vanishing Indian" A Trans* Indigene's Poltergeist's Critique of Transnormativity and Its Settler Coloniality. TSQ, 11(1), 80-96. https://doi.org/10.1215/23289252-11131702

Pelsinger, C. (2025). Beyond punishment: Towards a framework of transformative accountability. Punishment & Society, 14624745251319345. https://doi.org/10.1177/14624745251319345

Pemberton, S. A. (2015). Harmful societies: Understanding social harm. Policy Press. https://doi.org/10.46692/9781847427960

Perry, K. (2012). Framing trust at the street level [Doctoral dissertation, Roskilde University (RUC)]. https://forskning.ruc.dk/files/38396769/KEVINPERRYTHESISFINALDRAFTSECURECOPY_May_2012.pdf

Petersen, O. H., & Hjelmar, U. (2013). Marketization of welfare services in Scandinavia: A review of Swedish and Danish experiences. Scandinavian Journal of Public Administration, 17(4), 3-20. https://doi.org/10.58235/sjpa.v17i4.15712

Petherbridge, D. (2016). What's critical about vulnerability? Rethinking interdependence, recognition, and power. Hypatia, 31(3), 589-604. https://doi.org/10.1111/hypa.12250

Phillips, C., & Earle, R. (2010). Reading difference differently? Identity, epistemology and prison ethnography. The British journal of criminology, 50(2), 360-378. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azp081

Piché, J., & Larsen, M. (2010). The moving targets of penal abolitionism: ICOPA, past, present and future. Contemporary Justice Review, 13(4), 391-410. https://doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2010.517964

Piepzna-Samarasinha, L. L., & Dixon, E. (Eds.). (2020). Beyond survival: Strategies and stories from the transformative justice movement. AK Press.

Piff, P. K., Stancato, D. M., Côté, S., Mendoza-Denton, R., & Keltner, D. (2012). Higher social class predicts increased unethical behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(11), 4086-4091. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1118373109

Pratt, J. (2008a). Scandinavian exceptionalism in an era of penal excess: Part I: The nature and roots of scandinavian exceptionalism. The British journal of criminology, 48(2), 119-137. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azm072

Pratt, J. (2008b). Scandinavian exceptionalism in an era of penal excess: Part II: Does Scandinavian exceptionalism have a future? The British journal of criminology, 48(3), 275-292. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azm073

Pultz, S. (2020). Unemployment in the Affective Economy: Exploring the Affective Governing of Young Unemployed People in the Danish Welfare State. Zeitschrift für Sozialreform, 66(3), 335-361. https://doi.org/10.1515/zsr-2020-0015

Quinney, R. (1974). Critique of legal order : crime control in capitalist society. Little, Brown.

Raffnsøe, S., Staunæs, D., & Bank, M. (2022). Affirmative critique. Ephemera: theory & politics in organization, 22(3), 183-217.

Ramazanoglu, C., & Holland, J. (2002). Choices and decisions: Doing a feminist research project. Feminist methodology: challenges and choices, 145-163. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849209144.n8

Rasmussen, T. (2018). Neoliberalism, welfare state and social work practice in Denmark. In Neoliberalism, Nordic Welfare States and Social Work (pp. 69-78). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315111834-6

Raynor, P., & Robinson, G. (2009). Why help offenders? Arguments for rehabilitation as a penal strategy. European Journal of Probation, 1(1), 3-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/206622030900100102

Razack, S. (1993). Story‐telling for social change. Gender and education, 5(1), 55-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/0954025930050104

Reckdenwald, A., Mancini, C., & Beauregard, E. (2013). The cycle of violence: examining the impact of maltreatment early in life on adult offending. Violence & Victims, 28(3). https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-12-00054

Reiman, J., & Leighton, P. (2015/1964). The rich get richer and the poor get prison. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315662848

Richie, B. E. (2012). Arrested justice: Black women, violence, and America's prison nation. In Arrested justice. New York University Press.

Ringø, P., Nissen, M. A., & Nielsen, V. B. (2018). Social work education and a changing welfare state in Denmark. In Neoliberalism, Nordic Welfare States and Social Work (pp. 161-170). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315111834-14

Risager, B. S. (2023). Territorial stigmatization and housing commodification under racial neoliberalism: The case of Denmark's 'ghettos'. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 55(4), 850-870. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X221141427

Ritzau. (2023, 12/05/2023). Indsatte i fængslerne uddanner sig i langt højere grad [Prison inmates are educated to a much greater extent]. Jyllands-Posten. https://jyllands-posten.dk/indland/ECE15796364/indsatte-i-faengslerne-uddanner-sig-i-langt-hoejere-grad/

Rodríguez, D. (2018). Abolition as praxis of human being: A foreword. Harv. L. Rev., 132, 1575.

Rodriguez, S. (2022). African feminisms for abolitionist futures: archival hauntings in a speculative geography. Agenda, 36(4), 29-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2022.2182970

Rodriguez, S., & Clark, B. (2021). Not behind bars: The rippling of carceral habitus and corrective violence on the family and community life of prison guards. In M. J. Coyle & M. Nagel (Eds.), Contesting Carceral Logic - Towards Abolitionist Futures (pp. 50-64). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003161813-8

Rodriguez, S. M., Ben-Moshe, L., & Rakes, H. (2020). Carceral protectionism and the perpetually (in) vulnerable. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 20(5), 537-550. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895820947450

Ross, J. (2022). Speculative approaches to research and teaching In Digital futures for learning: Speculative methods and pedagogies. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003202134

Rothberg, M. (2019). The implicated subject: Beyond victims and perpetrators. Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781503609600

Rowe, A. (2014). Situating the self in prison research: Power, identity, and epistemology. Qualitative Inquiry, 20(4), 404-416. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800413515830

Ruggiero, V. (2010). Penal Abolitionism.

Røiseland, A., Sørensen, E., & Torfing, J. (2024). Co-creation as public governance: Revisiting the bright and dark sides. In Advancing Co-Creation in Local Governance (pp. 15-33). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781802202236.00009

Saleh-Hanna, V. (2017). Reversing criminology's white gaze: As Lombroso's disembodied head peers through a glass jar in a museum foreshadowed by Sara Baartman's ghost. The Palgrave handbook of prison tourism, 689-711. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56135-0_33

Saleh-Hanna, V. (2022). The History of Criminology Is a History of White Supremacy. In Abolish Criminology (pp. 36-51). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367817114-5

Sander, I. (1976). Kvinde-kriminalitet [Female crime].

Scheper‐Hughes, N. (2004). Dangerous and endangered youth: Social structures and determinants of violence. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1036(1), 13-46. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1330.002

Schmidt, S. S. (2017, 28.11.2017). Udvisningsdømte kriminelle skal samles i Ringe Fængsel [Criminals sentenced to deportation must be gathered in Ringe Prison]. https://www.tv2fyn.dk/faaborg-midtfyn/udvisningsdomte-kriminelle-skal-samles-i-ringe-faengsel

Schou, J., & Pors, A. S. (2019). Digital by default? A qualitative study of exclusion in digitalised welfare. Social policy & administration, 53(3), 464-477. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12470

Schultz, V. A., & Gjørding, M. R. (2023, 19-10-2023). Overfyldte fængsler kalder ikke på flere betjente, men på et samfund med færre indsatte [Overcrowded prisons do not call for more officers, but for a society with fewer inmates]. Information. https://www.information.dk/debat/2023/10/overfyldte-faengsler-kalder-paa-flere-betjente-paa-samfund-faerre-indsatte

Scott, D. (2013). Visualising an abolitionist real utopia: principles, policy and praxis. In Crime, critique and utopia (pp. 90-113). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137009807_6

Scott, D. (2015). Walking amongst the graves of the living: Reflections about doing prison research from an abolitionist perspective. In The Palgrave handbook of prison ethnography (pp. 40-58). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137403889_3

Scott, J. C. (1998/2020). Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (1 ed.). Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvxkn7ds https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300252989

Seaman, V., & Lynch, O. (2022). Perpetrators and Victims: Women, Double Deviance and the Criminal Justice System. In The Routledge Handbook of Women's Experiences of Criminal Justice (pp. 75-86). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003202295-8

Sedgwick, E. K. (1997). Paranoid reading and reparative reading, or, You're so paranoid, you probably think this introduction is about you. Studies in the Novel, Novel gazing: Queer readings in fiction, 1-37. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv11cw6d8.4

Semenova, V. (2018). Generating empirically grounded typology from narrative data. World Conference on Qualitative Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01406-3_11

Shammas, V. L. (2016). The rise of a more punitive state: On the attenuation of Norwegian penal exceptionalism in an era of welfare state transformation. Critical Criminology, 24(1), 57-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-015-9296-1

Shammas, V. L. (2017). Prisons of labor: Social democracy and the triple transformation of the politics of punishment in Norway, 1900-2014. Scandinavian penal history, culture and prison practice: Embraced by the welfare state?, 57-80. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58529-5_3

Shammas, V. L. (2024). The global hinterland of social democracy: On the limitations of Norwegian welfare capitalism. Nordisk välfärdsforskning(1), 66-83. https://doi.org/10.18261/nwr.9.1.5

Shange, S. (2020a). Mapping an Abolitionist Anthropology. In Progressive dystopia: Abolition, antiblackness, and schooling in San Francisco. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781478007401

Shange, S. (2020b). Progressive dystopia: Abolition, antiblackness, and schooling in San Francisco. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781478007401

Simmel, G. (1965). The poor. Social problems, 13(2), 118-140. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.1965.13.2.03a00030

Sinclair-Palm, J., & Chokly, K. (2023). 'It'sa giant faux pas': exploring young trans people's beliefs about deadnaming and the term deadname. Journal of LGBT Youth, 20(2), 370-389. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2022.2076182

Sivenbring, J., & Malmros, R. A. (2021). Collaboration in Hybrid Spaces: The Case of Nordic Efforts to Counter Violent Extremism. Journal for deradicalization(29), 54-91.

Skeggs, B. (1997). Classifying practices: Representations, capitals and recognitions. Class matters:'Working-class' women's perspectives on social class, 123-139.

Skov, K. B. E., Bjerge, B., & Pedersen, M. U. (2022). Behandling til mennesker med psykisk lidelse og samtidigt rusmiddelbrug: Pilotprojekt [Treatment for people with mental illness and concurrent substance abuse: Pilot project].

Slater, J. (2013). The Cost of Inequality: How wealth and income extremes hurt us all

Smart, C. (2002/1989). Feminism and the Power of Law. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203206164

Smith, P. S. (2006). The effects of solitary confinement on prison inmates: A brief history and review of the literature. Crime and justice, 34(1), 441-528. https://doi.org/10.1086/500626

Smith, P. S. (2009). Frihedsstraf og indespærring-Hensyn, formål og principper i et idéhistorisk perspektiv [Imprisonment and imprisonment - Considerations, purposes and principles in a historical perspective]. Slagmark-Tidsskrift for idéhistorie(55), 89-120.

Smith, P. S. (2022). Dynamic Security or Corruption of Authority? Normalization and Prisoner-Staff Relations in Danish Prisons. In B. Crewe, A. Goldsmith, & M. Halsey (Eds.), Power and Pain in the Modern Prison: The Society of Captives Revisited Oxford Academic.

Smith, P. S. (2023). 'Toxic masculinity' og straffepolitik - om den politiske brug af retsfølelsen og konsekvenserne for det danske samfund ['Toxic masculinity' and criminal policy - on the political use of the sense of justice and the consequences for Danish society]. Social Kritik(no 168).

Smith, P. S., & Ugelvik, T. (2017a). Punishment and welfare in Scandinavia. In Scandinavian penal history, culture and prison practice: Embraced by the welfare state? (pp. 511-529). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58529-5_21

Smith, P. S., & Ugelvik, T. (Eds.). (2017b). Scandinavian penal history, culture and prison practice: Embraced by the welfare state? Springer.

Smoyer, A. B., & Minke, L. K. (2019). Hygge: Food and the construction of safety among incarcerated women in Denmark. Appetite, 141, 104319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104319

Sohn, N. K. (2024, 01-10-2024). Debat: Skolen har ikke brug for skrappere sanktioner og straf - den har brug for flere ressourcer [Debate: Schools don't need harsher sanctions and punishments - they need more resources] https://redbarnet.dk/nyheder/debat-skolen-har-ikke-brug-for-skrappere-sanktioner-og-straf-den-har-brug-for-flere-ressourcer/

Solhjell, R., Saarikkomäki, E., Haller, M. B., Wästerfors, D., & Kolind, T. (2019). "We are seen as a threat": Police stops of young ethnic minorities in the Nordic countries. Critical Criminology, 27, 347-361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-018-9408-9

Soliman, F. (2021). States of exception, human rights, and social harm: Towards a border zemiology. Theoretical Criminology, 25(2), 228-248. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480619890069

Spanger, M. (2012). "You see how good-looking Lee Ann is!" Establishing field relations through gendered and racialised bodily practices. Qualitative Studies, 3(2), 150-162. https://doi.org/10.7146/qs.v3i2.7306

Springgay, S., & Truman, S. E. (2018). On the need for methods beyond proceduralism: Speculative middles,(in) tensions, and response-ability in research. Qualitative Inquiry, 24(3), 203-214. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800417704464

St. Pierre, E. A. (2018). Writing post qualitative inquiry. Qualitative Inquiry, 24(9), 603-608. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800417734567

Steno, A. M., & Holen, M. (2023). Unge kvinder på socialpsykiatriske bosteder: Forhandlinger & navigationer på tværs af diagnoser og køn [Young women in social psychiatric residences: Negotiations & navigations across diagnoses and gender]. Forskning i Pædagogers Profession og Uddannelse, 7(1), 14-22. https://doi.org/10.7146/fppu.v7i1.136704

Storgaard, A. (2020). Prison leave in Denmark: how a tradition of combining rehabilitation with discipline developed into putting access to justice at risk. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 26(2), 213-229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-020-09436-5

Suárez-Krabbe, J. (2023). Relinking as healing. On crisis, whiteness and the existential dimensions of decolonization. Globalizations, 20(2), 304-315. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2021.2025293

Suchman, L. (2012). Configuration. In Inventive methods (pp. 48-60). Routledge.

Sung, H.-E., & Gideon, L. (2010). Major Rehabilitative Approaches. In (pp. 71-96). SAGE Publications, Incorporated. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452230474.n4

Sutherland, E. H. (1983). White collar crime: The uncut version. Yale University Press.

Sønderskov, K. M., & Dinesen, P. T. (2016). Trusting the state, trusting each other? The effect of institutional trust on social trust. Political Behavior, 38, 179-202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-015-9322-8

Sørensen, L. H. (2020). Velfærdsstatens historie: For de socialfaglige og pædagogiske professionsuddannelser [The history of the welfare state: For social work and pedagogical professional education]. Hans Reitzels Forlag.

Tang, K. (2023). Retribution Versus Rehabilitation: Why North America should Adopt the Nordic Prison Model. Canadian Graduate Journal of Sociology and Criminology, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.15353/cgjsc-rcessc.v6i1.4958

Tauri, J. M. (2013). Indigenous critique of authoritarian criminology. In Crime, justice and social democracy: International perspectives (pp. 217-233). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137008695_15

Taxhjelm, F. R., & Frandsen, M. G. D., Hans Bruun. (2020). Sociale anbringelse på sikrede institutioner [Social placement in secure institutions]. https://menneskeret.dk/files/media/document/Rapport_SocialeAnbringelser_tilg%C3%A6ngelig.pdf

Tazzioli, M., & De Genova, N. (2023). Border abolitionism: analytics/politics. Social text, 41(3), 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1215/01642472-10613639

Teo, T. (2010). What is epistemological violence in the empirical social sciences? Social and personality psychology compass, 4(5), 295-303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00265.x

The Agency of Family Law [Familieretshuset]. (2023, 24. november 2023). Alle godkendte drengenavne. Familieretshuset. https://familieretshuset.dk/navne/navne/godkendte-fornavne

The Prisons of Denmark. (2017). Kvindefængsel er den bedste løsning [Women's prison is the best solution] https://kriminalforsorgen.dk/om-os/nyt-og-presse/nyheder/kvindefaengsel-er-den-bedste-loesning/

The Prisons of Denmark. (2018, 06-11-2018). Ringe Fængsel er nu officielt udvisningsfængsel [Ringe Prison is now officially a deportation prison] https://kriminalforsorgen.dk/om-os/nyt-og-presse/nyheder/ringe-faengsel-er-nu-officielt-udvisningsfaengsel/

The Prisons of Denmark. (2019, 04-09-2019). Jyderup Kvindefængsel sendes i udbud [Jyderup Women's Prison is put out to tender] https://kriminalforsorgen.dk/om-os/nyt-og-presse/nyheder/jyderup-kvindefaengsel-sendes-i-udbud/

The Prisons of Denmark. (2024). Kriminalforsorgens Statistik 2023 [Prison and Probation Service Statistics 2023]. https://kriminalforsorgen.dk/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/kriminalforsorgens-statistik-2023-hjemmesiden-webtil.pdf

The Prisons of Denmark. (N.N). Foranstaltningsdømte [Persons sentenced to compulsory measures]. Retrieved 16-08-2024 from https://kriminalforsorgen.dk/straf/tilsyn/doemt-til-behandling/

The Prisons of Denmark. (N.N.). Om kriminalforsorgen [About the Prison and Probation Service]. https://kriminalforsorgen.dk/om-os/

The Sentence Enforcement Act [Straffuldbyrdelsesloven]. (2023, LBK nr 201 af 28/02/2023). Straffuldbyrdelsesloven - Bekendtgørelse af lov om fuldbyrdelse af straf m.v. [The Sentence Enforcement Act - Consolidation Act on the Enforcement of Sentences, etc.]. Danish Ministry of Justice. https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2023/201

Thomsen, A. L. (2024, 08-08-2024). Historisk grøn aftale sender ekstraregning til helt almindelige forbrugere, forudser vandværker [Historic green agreement will send extra bills to ordinary consumers, water utilities predict]. Danmarks Radio [Danish Broadcasting Corporation]. https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/indland/historisk-groen-aftale-sender-ekstraregning-til-helt-almindelige-forbrugere-forudser

Thornton, P., Ocasio, W., & Lounsbury, M. (2015). The institutional logics perspective. Emerging trends in the social and behavioral sciences. In: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi. org/10.1002/9781118900772. etrds0187. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0187

Thygesen, S. (2021). Redningsarbejde. Kultursociologiske analyser af relationer og forestillinger i velfærdsarbejde med plejebørn og deres forældre [Rescue work. Cultural sociological analyses of relationships and perceptions in welfare work with foster children and their parents]. Tidsskrift for Professionsstudier, 17(33), 154-157. https://doi.org/10.7146/tfp.v17i33.129185

Thygesen, S., & Brønsted, L. B. (2023). Hjælpens paradoks-når velmenende velfærdsarbejde former og fastholder barnet på kanten [The paradox of helping - when well-intentioned welfare work shapes and keeps the child on the edge]. In Velfærdsarbejdets paradokser [The paradoxes of welfare work] (pp. 31-46). Syddansk Universitetsforlag.

Toft, D. (2021, 07-11-2021). Retssag: Transkvinde vil afsone i kvindefængsel. POV International. https://pov.international/transkvinde-vil-afsone-i-kvindefaengsel/

Tollu, A. (2025). Queer Intimacies: Rethinking Epistemology of Conducting Research with Jihadist Group Members [Doctoral dissertation, Lund University].

Tombs, S. (2018). For pragmatism and politics: Crime, social harm and zemiology. Zemiology: Reconnecting crime and social harm, 11-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76312-5_2

Toraif, N., & Mueller, J. C. (2023). Abolitionist social work. In Encyclopedia of Social Work. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.1553

Tranæs, T. (2008). Den uformelle straf og velfærdsstaten [Informal punishment and the welfare state]. Nordisk Tidsskrift for Kriminalvidenskab, 95(3). https://doi.org/10.7146/ntfk.v95i3.71719

Trydegård, G.-B. (2012). Care work in changing welfare states: Nordic care workers' experiences. European journal of ageing, 9(2), 119-129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-012-0219-7

Tuck, E., & Yang, K. W. (2014a). R-words: Refusing research. Humanizing research: Decolonizing qualitative inquiry with youth and communities, 223(2014), 248. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781544329611.n12

Tuck, E., & Yang, K. W. (2014b). Unbecoming claims: Pedagogies of refusal in qualitative research. Qualitative Inquiry, 20(6), 811-818. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800414530265

Tynell, J., Pedersen, M. L., Frandsen, M., & Gertsen, L. (2024, 28-04-24). Cheminova pumper miljøfarlige stoffer ud i et hav, der allerede er forurenet: Miljøministeriet har i årevis undladt at gribe ind [Cheminova pumps environmentally hazardous substances into an already polluted sea: The Ministry of the Environment has failed to intervene for years]. Danmarks Radio [Danish Broadcasting Corporation]. https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/indland/cheminova-pumper-miljoefarlige-stoffer-i-hav-der-allerede-er-forurenet

Tønnesvang, J., & Alstrup, H. (2013). Vitaliseringspsykologisk tilgang til genoprettende ret i arbejdet med unge, der begår kriminalitet [Vitalization psychology approach to restorative justice in working with young people who commit crime]. Psyke & Logos, 34(2), 30-30. https://doi.org/10.7146/pl.v34i2.16650

Ugelvik, T. (2013). Seeing like a welfare state: Immigration control, statecraft, and a prison with double vision. The Borders of Punishment: Migration, Citizenship, and Social Exclusion, Katja Franko Aas and Mary Bosworth (eds), Oxford: OUP. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199669394.003.0011

Ugelvik, T. (2016). Prisons as welfare institutions?: Punishment and the Nordic model. In Handbook on prisons (pp. 388-402). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315797779-23

Uncertain Commons. (2021). Speculate this! Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822376934

Van Aerschot, L., Mathew Puthenparambil, J., Olakivi, A., & Kröger, T. (2022). Psychophysical burden and lack of support: Reasons for care workers' intentions to leave their work in the Nordic countries. International Journal of Social Welfare, 31(3), 333-346. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsw.12520

Van der Kolk, B. A. (2014). The body keeps the score: mind, brain and body in the transformation of trauma. Allen Lane.

Van Hout, M.-C., & Crowley, D. (2021). The "double punishment" of transgender prisoners: A human rights-based commentary on placement and conditions of detention. International Journal of Prisoner Health, 17(4), 439-451. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPH-10-2020-0083

van Swaaningen, R. (2013). Penal abolitionist movement. The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. doi, 10, 9780470674871. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470674871.wbespm224

Veitch, S. (2007). Law and irresponsibility: On the legitimation of human suffering. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203940396

Villadsen, K. (2004). Socialt arbejde og subjektivering-Fra velfærdsplanlægning til postmoderne socialpolitik [Social work and subjectification-From welfare planning to postmodern social policy]. Psyke & Logos, 25(2), 28. https://doi.org/10.7146/pl.v25i2.8689

Viren, S. (2023, 25-05-2023). The Native Scholar Who Wasn't. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/25/magazine/cherokee-native-american-andrea-smith.html

Vitus, K. (2018). Responsibilisation, ideologies and professional identities in Danish youth social work. In Neoliberalism, Nordic Welfare States and Social Work (pp. 115-125). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315111834-10

Wacquant, L. (2004/2009). Punishing the poor: The neoliberal government of social insecurity. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822392255

Waite, S., & Darley, D. (2025). Problematising 'vulnerability'in women's prisons. The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice. https://doi.org/10.1111/hojo.12605

Walen, A. (2014). Retributive justice. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Walia, H. (2021). Border and rule: Global migration, capitalism, and the rise of racist nationalism. Haymarket books.

Walker, A., Sexton, L., Valcore, J. L., Sumner, J., & Wodda, A. (2018). Transitioning to social justice: transgender and non-binary individuals. In Routledge handbook of social, economic, and criminal justice (pp. 220-233). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351002707-21

Walsh, C. A., Rutherford, G., & Crough, M. (2013). Arts-based research: Creating social change for incarcerated women. Creative approaches to research, 6(1), 119.

Wang, J. (2018). Carceral capitalism (Vol. 21). MIT Press.

Wang, L. F., & Aagaard, J. (2025, 31.03.2025). Trods advarsler om omsorgssvigt indkasserer bosted millioner på udsatte borgere [Despite warnings about neglect, housing collects millions from vulnerable citizens]. Information. https://www.information.dk/indland/2025/03/trods-advarsler-omsorgssvigt-indkasserer-bosted-millioner-paa-udsatte-borgere

Ward, A., Ruch, G., & Turney, D. (2018). Introduction. In D. Howe, R. Kohli, M. Smith, C. Parkinson, L. McMahon, R. Solomon, J. Simmonds, A. Cooper, J. Dutton, & A. Fairtlough (Eds.), Relationship-based social work: Getting to the heart of practice. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Weeks, K. (2023). Abolition of the family: the most infamous feminist proposal. Feminist Theory, 24(3), 433-453. https://doi.org/10.1177/14647001211015841

Weheliye, A. G. (2014). Habeas viscus: Racializing assemblages, biopolitics, and black feminist theories of the human. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv11smq79

Wenzel, M., & Okimoto, T. G. (2016). Retributive justice. Handbook of social justice theory and research, 237-256. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3216-0_13

Widom, C. S. (1989). The cycle of violence. Science, 244(4901), 160-166. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2704995

Wolff, N., Aizpurua, E., Sánchez, F. C., & Peng, D. (2022). Childhood abuse classes for incarcerated men and women: Are there unique gender patterns in abuse classes? Journal of interpersonal violence, 37(9-10). https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520965974

World Prison Brief. (N.N). World Prison Brief Data - Faeroe Islands (Denmark) https://prisonstudies.org/country/faeroe-islands-denmark

World Prison Brief. (N.N.-a). World Prison Brief Data - Denmark https://prisonstudies.org/country/denmark

World Prison Brief. (N.N.-b). World Prison Brief Data - Greenland (Denmark) https://prisonstudies.org/country/greenland-denmark

Wright, E. J. (2023). Decolonizing Zemiology: outlining and remedying the blindness to (Post) colonialism within the study of social harm. Critical Criminology, 31(1), 127-144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-022-09682-5

Wynter, S. (2003). Unsettling the coloniality of being/power/truth/freedom: Towards the human, after man, its overrepresentation-An argument. CR: The new centennial review, 3(3), 257-337. https://doi.org/10.1353/ncr.2004.0015

Yar, M. (2012). Critical criminology, critical theory and social harm. New directions in criminological theory, 52-65.

Yee, S. J. (1992). Black women abolitionists: A study in activism, 1828-1860. Univ. of Tennessee Press.

Young, I. M. (2013). The ideal of community and the politics of difference. In Feminism/postmodernism (pp. 300-323). Routledge.

Younis, T. (2022). The Muslim, state and mind: Psychology in times of Islamophobia. SAGE Publications Ltd.

Zehr, H. (1994). Justice paradigm shift: Values and visions in the reform process. Mediation Q., 12, 207. https://doi.org/10.1002/crq.3900120303

Zivanai, E., & Mahlangu, G. (2022). Digital prison rehabilitation and successful re-entry into a digital society: A systematic literature review on the new reality on prison rehabilitation. Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1), 2116809. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2116809

Zuberi, T., & Bonilla-Silva, E. (2008). White logic, white methods: racism and methodology (1 ed.). The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.5040/9798216386278

Øland, A. T. (2008). Symbolske praktikker og socialhistoriske dynamikker i velfærdsarbejdet med flygtninge og indvandrere [Symbolic practices and social historical dynamics in welfare work with refugees and immigrants]. Lea, 17(4), 1973.

Øland, T., Vildlyng, L., Thygesen, S., Jensen, S. G., Hamre, B. F., Brønsted, L. B., Brøndum, T., Brodersen, M., & Bach, S. S. (2023). Velfærdsarbejdets paradokser-teoretiske afsæt [The paradoxes of welfare work - theoretical basis]. In Velfærdsarbejdets paradokser [The paradoxes of welfare work] (pp. 9-30). Syddansk Universitetsforlag.

Aas, K. F. (2013). The ordered and the bordered society: Migration control, citizenship, and the northern penal state. In K. F. Aas & M. Bosworth (Eds.), The borders of punishment: Migration, citizenship, and social exclusion (pp. 21-39). https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199669394.003.0002

Aas, K. F. (2014). Bordered penality: Precarious membership and abnormal justice. Punishment & Society, 16(5), 520-541. https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474514548807