Licence to Produce: Industrious Sustainability and the Moral Economy of Conventional Farming in Denmark

Sustainability, Agrarian Studies, Moral Economy

This dissertation in anthropology examines how sustainability is assembled, enacted, and legitimised within Danish conventional agriculture. Rather than treating sustainability as a fixed external standard or a radical departure from industrial farming, the study develops the concept of industrious sustainability to capture how it emerges from within agrarian rationalities centred on resource efficiency, chemical precision, technological innovation, and moral ideals of the “good farmer.” Drawing on long-term ethnographic fieldwork with large-scale farmers between 2020 and 2023, the dissertation explores how sustainability is not merely discursively defined but materially and morally realised through everyday practices, infrastructures, and professional obligations.
The main argument is that sustainability in this context often functions less as ecological transformation and more as a form of “audit” environmental responsibility and business case, legitimised through field tidiness, documentation, calibrated yields, and compliance with technological monitoring systems. Farmers’ engagements with crops, soils, and agrochemicals reveal how agronomic risk management is a key site where professionalism, orderliness, and moral legitimacy are negotiated. Here, the imperative of resource efficiency constitutes what farmers describe as their “licence to produce”—the moral and economic condition for sustaining production, social legitimacy, and access to markets. Yet this licence is inherently fragile: it must be continuously reaffirmed through documentation, compliance, and adaptation to technological and industry standards, leaving farmers vulnerable to exclusion if they fail to keep pace. Paradoxically, pesticides—frequently criticised for their ecological impact—are reframed as indispensable tools for maintaining this licence, sustaining a chemically mediated form of ecological responsibility.
By tracing how ideas of the good farmer are historically tied to narratives of innovation, industriousness, and national progress, the dissertation shows that the same values underpin both the perceived problems and the proposed solutions to contemporary climate challenges. While these practices enable conventional farming systems to persist despite escalating environmental crises, they also narrow the horizon of sustainability to what aligns with resource efficiency. The dissertation argues that this focus on efficiency risks obscuring broader ecological and social concerns, while simultaneously revealing the limits of modernist visions of green transition.
Ultimately, the study calls for sustained ethnographic attention to how concepts like sustainability live and transform in practice. It suggests that understanding sustainability as a moral economy—where resource efficiency, technological progress, and a fragile licence to produce converge—sheds light on why conventional agriculture continues to be seen as both problem and solution in the Anthropocene.

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